#NEXUS [written Mon Jan 20 16:13:10 BRT 2025 by Mesquite version 3.2 (build 801) at Oliveira/10.15.72.133] BEGIN TAXA; TITLE Taxa; DIMENSIONS NTAX=109; TAXLABELS Kielantherium Kermackia Pappotherium Holoclemensia Maelestes Kennalestes Asioryctes Zalambdalestes Sulestes Lotheridium Deltatheroides Deltatheridium Kokopellia Varalphadon Asiatherium Protalphadon Aenigmadelphys Alphadon Eodelphis Didelphodon Pediomys Mimoperadectes Szalinia Tiulordia Gaylordia Incadelphys Marmosopsis Jaskhadelphys Minusculodelphis Kiruwamaq Pucadelphys Andinodelphys Mayulestes Allqokirus Patene Silvenator Nemolestes_sp_indet Nemolestes Chlorocyon Hondadelphys Stylocynus Procladosictis Sallacyon Notogale Sipalocyon Cladosictis Acyon Australogale Borhyaenidium Chasicostylus Lycopsis Dukecynus Pseudolycopsis Plesiofelis Pseudothylacynus Prothylacynus Pharsophorus Fredszalaya Borhyaena Australohyaena Acrocyon Arctodictis MHT.VT.2075_ Callistoe Paraborhyaena Proborhyaena Arminiheringia Eomakhaira Proborhyaenidae_gen_nov IGM_251108 Anachlysictis Patagosmilus Thylacosmilus Carolopaulacoutoia Itaboraidelphys Didelphopsis Amphiperatherium Peratherium Herpetotherium Derorhynchus Caluromys Didelphis Thylatheridium Hesperocynus Sparassocynus Evolestes Stilotherium Caenolestes Pichipilus Pilchenia Acdestes Palaeothentes Notoryctes Perameles Echymipera Dasyuroides Dasyurus Dromiciops Microleo Enigmaleo Lekaneleo Wakaleo Thylacoleo Cercartetus Petaurus Phascolarctos Mukupirna Vombatus Macropus ; END; BEGIN CHARACTERS; TITLE 'Matrix in file "Teste731.nex"'; DIMENSIONS NCHAR=727; FORMAT DATATYPE = STANDARD GAP = - MISSING = ? SYMBOLS = " 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9"; CHARSTATELABELS 1 'Presence of teeth (Muizon et al., 2015 - ch. 1)' / present absent, 2 'Teeth types (Muizon et al., 2015 - ch. 2)' / 'differentiated into morphological types (incisors, canines, premolars, molars) with enamel' 'simple peg-like teeth', 3 StA_presence / present absent, 4 'StA relative size to StB (Williamson et al., 2012 - ch. 21)' / subequal_to_larger_than_StB smaller_than_StB, 5 Preparastyle_presence / present absent, 6 StB1_presence / present absent, 7 'StB development (Davis, 2007 - ch. 2; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 228)' / present reduced_to_absent, 8 StB_position_on_M3 / 'StB labial or distal to paracone''s apex' 'mesial to paracone''s apex', 9 'StB disto-lingual supernumerary crest (sensu Goin, 2006 - acc1 and acc2) (Carneiro and Oliveira, 2017)' / absent present, 10 'StB concave distal border (Carneiro and Oliveira, 2017a)' / absent present, 11 'StB and paracone fusion (Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 36; Abello et al 2018 - ch. 68)' / not_fused fused, 12 'StB x paracone size (Abello 2013 - ch. 61; Chornogubsky and Goin 2015 - ch. 34; Abello et al 2018 - ch. 68)' / paracone_larger_or_subequal_to_StB 'StB larger (=more voluminous)', 13 Twinned_supernumerary_stylar_cusp_to_StB / absent present, 14 'Stylar cusp C (Chornogubsky and Goin, 2015 - ch. 42)' / vestigial_to_absent developed, 15 StC_lingual_accessory_crest / absent 'present, contacts the paracone or postparacrista' 'present, contacts the metacone or premetacrista', 16 'Lingual shifting of StC (Chornogubsky and Goin, 2015)' / not_lingually_placed_to_StB_and_StD lingually_placed_to_StB_and_StD, 17 Position_of_StC / 'centrally placed (=lingual to the deepest part of ectoflexus)' 'closely spaced to StB (=mesial to the deepest part of ectoflexus)' 'closely spaced to StD (=distal to the deepest part of ectoflexus)', 18 M1_StC_x_StB_size / StB_is_larger_than_StC StC_is_subequal_to_larger_than_StB, 19 'Accessory cusps to StC (''twinned StC'') (Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 42)' / 'absent (=single StC)' 'present, with a single supernumerary cusp' 'present, with two or three supernumerary cusps', 20 'StD development (Davis, 2007 - ch. 11)' / 'reduced (=enamel spur) to absent' present_and_developed, 21 'M1-2 StD x StB size (Abello et al 2018 - ch. 67)' / StB_larger_or_similar_in_size_to_StD StD_is_larger_than_StB, 22 'M1 StD with bifurcated medium crest (Carneiro and Oliveira, 2017a)' / absent present, 23 'StD with mesio-lingual crest' / absent present, 24 'StD concave medial border (Carneiro and Oliveira, 2017a)' / absent present, 25 'StD and metacone fusion (Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 46)' / not_fused 'fused (=lingual border of StD and laial border of the metacone merged)', 26 'StD x metacone size (Chornogubsky and Goin, 2015 - ch. 34)' / metacone_larger StD_subequal_to_larger_than_the_metacone, 27 'StD relative position to metacone (Abello et al. 2018 - ch. 72)' / 'paired (=aligned)' 'StD more mesially placed (=StD mesially shifted)' metacone_more_mesially_placed, 28 'StE presence (Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 231)' / absent_or_weak_developed 'present, developed as a stylar cusp', 29 Supernumerary_cusps_on_the_stylar_shelf / absent present, 30 'M1 labial supernumerary cusps position in comparison with stylar cusps row (Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 40)' / at_the_same_level_than_the_stylar_row_and_partial_o_completely_fused_with_it more_labial_than_the_stylar_cusps_row, 31 Supernumerary_cusps_on_the_stylar_shelf_in_a_row / in_a_row 'Isolated (=not in a row)', 32 'Cuspules on the center of the stylar shelf (Oliveira and Goin, 2011 - ch. 14; Cohen, 2017)' / absent present, 33 'Number of cuspules on the center of the stylar shelf (Oliveira and Goin, 2011 - ch. 14; Cohen, 2017)' / 'single/one' multiple, 34 'Epiconular plataform and epiconule (Goin et al. 2010: 86; Zimicz, 2011)' / absent present, 35 'Stylar shelf development (based on distal lobe width) (Chornogubsky and Goin, 2015 - ch. 38; Muizon et al., 2018 - ch. 36; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 225)' / about_or_more_than_50%_total_width less_than_50%_total_width_and_broader_than_33%_total_width less_than_33%_of_total_width 'vestigial to absent (=narrow rim)', 36 'Stylar shelf mesial lobe relative width to the distal lobe (on M3) (Davis, 2007 - ch. 15; Engelman et a 2020 - ch. 224)' / mesial_lobe_broader both_even_in_width_or_one_just_slightly_broader distal_lobe_broader, 37 'M1 extreme posterolabial extension of metastylar angle (Muizon and Ladevèze 2022 - ch. 36)' / absent present, 38 'Preparacrista orientation (based on M3 when possible) (Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 217)' / nearly_perpendicular_to_long_axis_of_tooth oriented_anterobucally_to_long_axis_of_tooth, 39 Postmetacrista_presence / present absent, 40 'Postmetacrista carnassial notch (Suarez et al. 2023 - ch. 224)' / present absent, 41 'Postmetacrista relative length to preparacrista on M2-3 (Muizon and Ladevèze 2022 - ch. 28)' / subequal_to_or_shorter_than_preparacrista longer_than_preparacrista, 42 'Postmetacrista orientation (based on M3) (Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 220)' / nearly_perpendicular_to_tooth_row oblique_to_tooth_row, 43 'Postmetacrista disto-labial angle alignment with metacone apex' / more_labial_than_the_metacone_apex transversally_aligned_with_the_metacone_apex, 44 'Postmetacrista presence of cusps (Carneiro and Oliveira, 2017a)' / with_a_single_and_large_cusp with_two_or_three_cusps no_evidently_developed_cusp, 45 'Labial cingulum (=ectocingulum)' / absent present, 46 'Paracone on M1-2 (Abello et al 2018 - ch. 65)' / present absent, 47 'Paracone x metacone size on M3 (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 46; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 202)' / paracone_larger_than_metacone 'subequal or one slightly smaller in volume and height (ca. 10%)' 'metacone distinctly larger in volume and height (ca. 30% to 50% smaller)' 'metacone much larger than the paracone (ca. 50% or less)', 48 'Position of the metacone relative to paracone on M2-3 (Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 34; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 203)' / 'approximately at same level (=aligned)' 'paracone labial to the metacone (=metacone lingual)' metacone_more_labial_than_the_paracone, 49 'Metacone and paracone bases contact (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 48; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 205)' / 'well-separated' 'closely spaced, but not in contact' 'adjoined at base on, at least, more than half of their height', 50 'Morphology of the labial borders of paracone (=shape of paracone) (Davis, 2007 - ch. 26; Muizon et al., 2018 - ch. 47)' / 'rounded/conical' flat, 51 'Morphology of the labial borders of metacone (=shape of metacone) (Davis, 2007 - ch. 26; Muizon et al., 2018 - ch. 47)' / 'rounded/conical' flat, 52 'Paracone twisted in the mesio-labial/disto-lingual axis on M2 (Goin and Candela: 42)' / absent present, 53 'Posterolingual paracristae (Beck et al 2022 - ch. 25)' / absent present, 54 'Centrocrista (=postparacrista and premetacrista) (Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 31)' / 'present, forming the centrocrista' 'present, but not forming a centrocrista (=''open'' centrocrista, discontinuous centrocrista)' 'stark or absent, without forming a centrocrista', 55 'Centrocrista shape (Abello et al 2018 - ch. 73)' / straight_or_incipiently_dilambdodont dilambdodont, 56 M1_protocone_development / reduced_or_vestigial developed, 57 'Protocone development on M2-3' / vestigial_or_absent developed_as_a_major_cusp, 58 'Protocone size on M2-3 (Chornogubsky and Goin, 2015 - ch. 32; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 57; Ladevèze et al. 2020 - ch. 45; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 209)' / 'markedly mesio-distally compressed' 'small (narrower than bases of paracone and metacone), (' 'somewhat expanded anteroposteriorly (as wide as bases of paracone and metacone' 'greatly expanded anteroposteriorly (wider than bases of paracone and metacone) (=large and bulky)', 59 'Protocone height (Muizon et al., 2018 - ch. 58; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 212)' / 'less than 60% of para/metacone height' 'greater than or equal to 60% of para/metacone height', 60 'M1 protocone labially shifted (Goin and Candela, 2004; Goin et al., 2010)' / absent present, 61 Protoconal_cingula_presence / absent present, 62 'Protoconal cingula development (Goin and Candela, 2004; Goin et al., 2010)' / 'short, mesial and distal cingula not merged' 'complete, cingula merged', 63 'Protoconal basin development (=reduced trigon basin in upper molars) on M2-3 (Métais et al. 2018 - ch. 48; Suarez et al 2023 - ch. 214)' / markedly_reduced_to_absent developed, 64 'Lingual flex in the upper molars between protocone and metaconule (=entoflexus) (Chornogubsky and Goin, 2015 - ch. 43)' / absent 'present, between protocone and metaconule' 'present, between paraconule and protocone', 65 'Postprotocrista labial end relative to metacone mesial/distal walls (Carneiro, 2018)' / at_base_or_distal_wall_of_metacone at_medial_face_of_the_metacone, 66 'Protostyle (Beck et al 2020 - ch. 23)' / absent present, 67 'Paraconule inflation (=hypertrophied paraconule; large, subequal to the paraconule) (Chornogubsky 2021 - ch. 35)' / absent present, 68 'M1-3 spatial relationship among protocone and paraconule (Chornogubsky and Goin, 2015 - ch. 44; Abello, 2013 - ch. 37; Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 33)' / not_aligned_at_lingual_border aligned_or_almost_aligned_at_lingual_border, 69 'M1-2 spatial relationship among protocone and metaconule (Chornogubsky and Goin, 2015 - ch. 44; Abello, 2013 - ch. 37; Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 33)' / not_aligned_at_lingual_border aligned_or_almost_aligned_at_lingual_border, 70 'M3 spatial relationship among protocone and metaconule (Chornogubsky and Goin, 2015 - ch. 44; Abello, 2013 - ch. 37; Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 33)' / not_aligned_at_lingual_border aligned_or_almost_aligned_at_lingual_border, 71 M1_metaconule_relative_mesiodistal_size_to_protocone / protocone_subequal_to_larger metaconule_larger, 72 'M1 premetaconular cusp/neometaconule (Abello et al 2018 - ch. 81; Beck et al 2022 - ch. 22)' / absent present, 73 'M1 neomorphic cuspule at base of metaconule (Beck et al. 2022 - ch. 24)' / absent present, 74 'M1 lingual accessory cusps on the mesial lobe (Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 38)' / absent present, 75 'M1 lingual accessory cusps on the distal lobe (Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 39)' / none one_ more_than_one, 76 'M1 paracingulum (Abello, 2013 - ch. 70; Abello et al 2018 - ch. 77)' / present absent, 77 'M1 paracingulum development (Abello et al 2018 - ch. 78)' / long short, 78 'Metaconule shape on M2-3 (Chornogubsky and Goin, 2015 - ch. 37)' / pyramidal conical_and_inflated 'very large, ''hypocone-like''' 'large metaconule but not ''hypocone-like''' 'mesio-distally compressed', 79 'Premetaconular crest contact (Goin and Candela 2004: 23-24; Goin et al. 2010: 79)' / meets_the_base_of_the_metacone meets_labially_the_trigon_basin, 80 'Flexus in postmetaconular crest (Abello et al. 2021 - ch. 96)' / absent present, 81 'Paracingulum on M2-3' / present absent, 82 'Paracingulum on M2-3 (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 60; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 222)' / 'developed (=complete), reaching the level of protoconal basin' 'short, not reaching the level of protoconal basin', 83 'Paracingulum contact with the protoconal basin (Abello et al 2018 - ch. 78)' / with_the_lingual_end_on_the_occlusal_surface with_the_lingual_end_on_the_crown_base, 84 'Paracingulum and metacingulum of M1-3 expanded and level with the trigon basin (Chornogubsky and Goin 2015 - ch. 40; Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 32)' / absent present, 85 'Metacingulum (=Postcingulum) development (=Postmetaconular crest on M1-2) (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 63; Abello et al 2018 - ch. 79)' / 'absent or weak (=not extended labially than the metacone apex' 'long (=quite extended labially, exceeding metacone apex)', 86 Distal_cingulum / absent present, 87 M2_mesiodistal_compression / absent present, 88 'M1 x M2 relative size (Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 44-45)' / M1_smaller_or_subequal_to_M2 M1_larger_than_M2, 89 'M2 x M3 relative size (Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 48)' / 'M3 subequal to larger than M2 (=M3 large, longer than the M2)' 'M3 smaller than M2 (=M3 small, shorter than the M2)', 90 'M3/m3 (Gillespie et al. 2016 - ch. 43)' / present absent, 91 M4_x_M3_relative_size / M4_not_reduced 'M4 reduced (clearly smaller than M3)', 92 M4_protocone / present reduced_or_absent, 93 'M4 metaconule (Beck et al. 2022 - ch. 27)' / 'not hypocone-like' 'hypocone-like', 94 'M1 compression of anterolabial root (Abello et al. 2018 - ch. 82)' / absent present, 95 'Shape of upper molar row (Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 200)' / straight_or_nearly_straight bowed, 96 'Enamel thickness in the molars (Abello, 2013 - ch. 12; Chornogubsky and Goin, 2015 - ch. 28; Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 19-20; Abello et al. 2018 - ch. 14)' / uniform_throughout_the_entire_surface_of_the_tooth markedly_different_thickness_between_the_lateral_and_occlusal_faces, 97 Enamel_wrinkles_in_talonid_basin / absent present, 98 Enamel_wrinkles_development / slender 'stark, present even in worn molars', 99 'Hypsodonty-hypselodonty cheek-teeth (Beck et al. 2022 - ch. 13)' / absent 'present, hypsodonty' 'present, hypselodonty', 100 'Exodaenodonty (=unilateral hypsodonty) (Métais et al. 2018 - ch. 50; Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 21)' / absent 'present (=higher labially)', 101 'Development of exodaenodonty from m1-m4 (Métais et al 2018 - ch. 50)' / 'regressive (m1 > m2 > m3 > m4)' 'progressive (m1 < m2 < m3 < m4)', 102 'Crown shape of lower molars (Abello et al. 2018 - ch. 35)' / not_basally_wide basally_wide, 103 'Bilobed molars (Beck et al 2020 - ch. 14)' / absent present, 104 'Lophodonty molars (Beck et al 2020 - ch. 17)' / absent present, 105 'Trigonid with ''spire-like'' cuspids' / absent present, 106 'm1 trigonid shape (=Wtri/Ltri) (=dimensions of trigonid) (Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 243)' / subequal_to_higher_than_0.70 lower_than_0.70_but_greater_than_0.40 lower_than_0.40, 107 'm1 ''blade-like'' (i.e., the trigonid has a single major cuspid that has a shape of a long medium crest with no evident lateral cuspid)' / absent present, 108 'm1 paraconid (Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 10)' / present absent, 109 'm1 anterior crest of paraconid (=of trigonid) (Abello et al. 2018 - ch. 20)' / absent present, 110 'm1 paraconid and metaconid relative height (Abello et al. 2018 - ch. 19)' / paraconid_and_metaconid_subequal_in_height paraconid_taller metaconid_taller, 111 'm1 paraconid and protoconid relative height (Abello et al. 2018 - ch. 19)' / protoconid_taller paraconid_and_protoconid_subequal_in_height, 112 'm1 metaconid (Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 10)' / present absent, 113 'm1 metaconid and protoconid relative position (Abello et al. 2021 - ch. 26)' / both_aligned_or_metaconid_slightly_distal metaconid_distal_to_protoconid metaconid_mesial_to_the_protoconid, 114 m1_protoconid_x_metaconid_size / protoconid_larger both_subequal_or_metaconid_larger, 115 'm1 protoconid (Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 10)' / present absent, 116 m1_protoconid_position_relative_to_midline_of_the_tooth / 'labially placed (not at the midline of the tooth)' at_midline_of_the_tooth, 117 'm1 protoconid orientation (Goin and Abello, 2013 - ch. 5)' / vertical lingually_oriented, 118 'm1 presence of mesial cuspule (Abello et al. 2018 - ch. 20; Chornogubsky 2021 - ch. 13)' / absent present, 119 'm1 anterior crest of the protoconid (Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 13)' / absent present, 120 'm1 notch in the protocristid (Abello et al. 2018 - ch. 22; Abello et al. 2021 - ch. 30)' / present absent, 121 'm1 with mesiolabial wall on trigonid (Abello et al. 2018 - ch. 38)' / not_projected projected, 122 'm1 protostylid/ectostylid (Beck et al 2020 - ch. 34)' / absent present, 123 m1_vertically_directed_crest / absent present, 124 m1_postprotocristid_contact / with_metacristid 'with hypoconid or cristid obliqua (=distally open trigonid)', 125 m1_talonid / present vestigial_or_absent, 126 'Supernumerary lingual cusp(s) on the talonid of m1 (Chornogubsky 2021 - ch. 14)' / absent 'present, single' 'present, more than one', 127 'Lingual cusp(s) on the talonid of m1 relative size (Chornogubsky 2021 - ch. 15)' / subequal_in_high of_different_height, 128 m1_entocristid / present absent, 129 'm1 relative height of distal entocristid end and distal cristid obliqua end (Abello et al. 2018 - ch. 51)' / roughly_equal cristid_obliqua_higher_, 130 'm1 entostylid ridge (Beck et al 2020 - ch. 35)' / absent present, 131 'm1 with cusps basal to the hypoconid (Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 12)' / absent present, 132 'm1 orientation of cristid obliqua (Abello et al 2018 - ch 24)' / 'in contact with metaconid (=lingual contact)' 'toward notch (=below the carnassial notch)' 'toward protoconid (=labial contact)' 'toward trigonid labial wall (well-labial contact/lateral contact)', 133 'm1 precingulid presence (Abello et al. 2018 - ch. 37)' / present absent, 134 'm1 precingulid development (Abello et al. 2018 - ch. 37)' / 'well-developed' 'reduced (or vestigial)', 135 'Lm1/Lm2 proportion (Carneiro 2018; Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 18)' / '0.9-1.0 (=m1 subequal or slightly smaller than m2)' 'higher than 1.0 (=m1 larger than m2)' 'lower than 0.9 (=m1 moderately to much smaller than m2)', 136 'm1-2 shelf lingual to entocristid (Abello et al. 2021 - ch. 53-54)' / absent present, 137 'm1 distolabial rim (Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 43)' / absent present, 138 'Paraconid on m2-3 (Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 17; Abello et al 2018 - ch. 26)' / present absent, 139 'Paraconid placement on m2-3 (Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 17)' / 'lingually placed (=at mesiolingual angle of trigonid)' 'labialized but more lingually placed than the protoconid (=at anterior edge of the trigonid)' 'labially placed, alligned with the protoconid', 140 'Paraconid mesial expansion (=anterior projection of the paraconid keel/ridge; mesiolingual face of the paraconid) presence (Eberle et al. 2019 - ch. 64; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 80; Muizon and Ladevèze 2020 - ch. 254)' / absent present, 141 Paraconid_mesial_expansion_development / present_but_not_keeled 'present and keeled (=strongly keeled, sometimes with basal cusp)', 142 'Paraconid x metaconid position on m2-3 (Abello, 2013 - ch. 25; Abello et al 2018 - ch. 28)' / paraconid_and_metaconid_with_bases_in_contact paraconid_and_metaconid_separated, 143 'Paraconid and metaconid fusion (Abello, 2013 - ch. 25; Abello et al 2018 - ch. 28)' / absent 'present (=twinned/coalescent/merged)', 144 'Paraconid x metaconid height on m2 (Davis, 2007 - ch. 44; Abello, 2013 - ch. 24; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 84; Abello et al 2018 - ch. 27)' / paraconid_is_taller_than_metaconid_but_metaconid_is_greater_than_50%_of_the_height_of_the_paraconid two_cusps_are_equal_in_height metaconid_is_taller_than_paraconid paraconid_is_taller_than_metaconid_but_metaconid_is_less_than_50%_of_the_height_of_the_paraconid, 145 'Paraconid x metaconid height on m3 (Davis, 2007 - ch. 44; Abello, 2013 - ch. 24; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 84; Abello et al 2018 - ch. 27)' / paraconid_is_taller_than_metaconid_but_metaconid_is_greater_than_50%_of_the_height_of_the_paraconid two_cusps_are_equal_in_height metaconid_is_taller_than_paraconid paraconid_is_taller_than_metaconid_but_metaconid_is_less_than_50%_of_the_height_of_the_paraconid, 146 'Postparacristid orientation on m2 (Abello et al - 2018 - ch. 29)' / 'mesiolingual-distolabially oblique' transverse 'mesiolabial-distolingually oblique' parallel, 147 'Metaconid on m2-3 (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 87)' / present absent, 148 'Metaconid x protoconid position on m2-3 (Abello, 2013 - ch. 22; Chornogubsky and Goin, 2015 - ch. 23; Abello et al 2018 - ch. 25)' / distally_placed_to_the_protoconid transversally_aligned_or_incipiently_distal 'mesially placed on m2-3' 'not mesially placed on m2, mesially placed on m3', 149 'Crest-like expansion posterior to metaconid in m1-3 (Abello, 2013 - ch. 29; Abello et al 2018 - ch. 32)' / absent present, 150 'Metacristid presence on m2-3' / present reduced_or_absent, 151 'Postprotocristid/metacristid orientation (Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 239)' / parallel_or_oblique_to_lower_jaw transverse_to_lower_jaw, 152 'Metastylid on lower molars on m2-3 (Beck et al 2020 - ch. 36)' / absent present, 153 'Metastylid shape (Beck et al 2020 - ch. 36)' / cuspate 'metastylid fold/crestlike', 154 'Protoconid location relative to midline of tooth on m2-4 (Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 251)' / slightly_labial_to_midline_of_tooth 'protoconid at midline of tooth (=trigonid basin floor lost)', 155 'Protoconid labial expansion (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 71)' / 'distinctly wider at mid-height than at base' 'subequal or narrower at mid-height than at base', 156 'm2 protoconid orientation in m1-2 (Goin and Abello, 2013 - ch. 5)' / vertical lingually_oriented, 157 'Protoconid x paraconid height on m2-3 (Chornogubsky and Goin, 2015 - ch. 22; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 83)' / protoconid_taller_than_the_paraconid paraconid_subequal_or_taller_than_the_protoconid, 158 'Protoconid x metaconid height on m2-3 (Chornogubsky and Goin, 2015 - ch. 22; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 83; Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 24)' / protoconid_taller_than_metaconid both_subequal_or_nearly_subequal metaconid_taller, 159 'Protoconid and paraconid alignment at midline of the tooth on m2-3' / absent present, 160 'Protoconid height (Hpo) relative to length (Lm) in m3 or m4 (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 82)' / 'Hpo/Lm < 0.9' 'Hp/Lm > 0.9', 161 'Crest posterior to protoconid in m1-3 (Abello, 2013 - ch. 30; Abello et al 2018 - ch. 33)' / absent present, 162 'Postprotocristid distally oriented (=vertical postprotocristid) on m2-3 (Goin et al., 2010: 86)' / absent present, 163 'Protocristid depth on m2-3 (Abello et al. 2018 - ch. 31)' / deep little_or_no_deep, 164 'Ectostylid/protostylid on m2-3 (Zimicz, 2011)' / absent present, 165 'Mesiolabial trigonid cusp on m2-3 (Abello et al. 2018 - ch. 30)' / absent present, 166 'm3 trigonid basin (Gillespie et al. 2016: 9)' / present absent, 167 'Trigonid x talonid height (Muizon and Ladevèze 2022 - ch. 55)' / 'trigonid higher than talonid (ca. 3 times)' 'trigonid moderately higher than talonid (ca. twice)' trigonid_slightly_higher_or_both_subequal_in_height, 168 'Talonid x trigonid length (RtalL/triL) on m2-3 (Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 242)' / 'talonid shorter (between 0.90 to 0.33)' subequal_or_one_just_slightly_shorter 'talonid much shorter (less than 0.33)' talonid_longer, 169 'Talonid x trigonid width (labiolingual) on m2-3 (Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 244)' / trigonid_wider subequal_or_one_just_slightly_narrower talonid_wider, 170 'Hypoconid presence on m2-3 (Engelmand et al. 2020 - ch. 259)' / present absent, 171 'm2 hypoconid x protoconid height (Gillespie, 2023)' / protoconid_taller_or_subequal_to_hypoconid hypoconid_taller, 172 Hypoconid_shape / pyramidal 'spire-like', 173 'Hypoconid x entoconid position on m2-3 (Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 22; Abello et al 2018 - ch. 51)' / hypoconid_mesial_to_entoconid hypoconid_and_entoconid_transversally_aligned entoconid_mesial_to_hypoconid, 174 'Cristida obliqua presence on m2-3 Abello et al 2018 - ch. 50' / present absent, 175 'Cristid obliqua morphology on m2-3 (Abello et al 2018 - ch. 50)' / 'long/well-developed' 'short/reduced', 176 'Cristid obliqua attachment on m2-3 (Oliveira and Goin, 2011 - ch. 60; Zimicz, 2013; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 90)' / at_lingual_border lingual_to_the_carnassial_notch below_the_carnassial_notch labial_to_the_carnassial_notch labial_contact, 177 'm2 accessory cusps between the protoconid and the hypoconid (Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 23)' / none one two, 178 'Entoconid presence (Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 261)' / vestigial_to_absent present, 179 'Entoconid x hypoconid height on m2-3 (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 96; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 263)' / lower_than_hypoconid subequal_or_one_slightly_taller much_taller_than_hypoconid, 180 'Entoconid x hypoconulid height on m2-3' / hypoconulid_larger 'both sub-equal or one slightly larger' entoconid_larger, 181 'Entoconid shape on m1-m3 (Goin et al., 2009 - ch. 15; Oliveira and Goin, 2011 - ch. 54; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 95; Abello et al 2018 - ch 42)' / 'laterally compressed (=flattened)' conical, 182 'Entoconid with two vertical grooves (Goin and Candela, 2004)' / absent present, 183 'Entocristid (pre-entocristid) on m2-3 (Goin et al., 2009 - ch. 14; Oliveira & Goin, 2011; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 98; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 267)' / present reduced_or_absent, 184 'Entocristid shape on m2-3 (Abello et al 2018 - ch. 44)' / 'straight and anteroposteriorly oriented on m2-3' 'labially concave on m2-3' 'lingually concave on m2-3' 'labially concave on m2, straight and anteroposteriorly oriented on m3' 'straight on m2, labially concave on m3 ', 185 'Entocristid carnassial notch (Cohen, 2017)' / absent present, 186 'Entocristid direction (Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 268)' / to_the_base_of_the_trigonid lingual_to_the_trigonid, 187 'Entostylid (=entocristid supernumerary cuspid(s)) presence (Davis, 2007 - ch. 51; Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 14)' / absent present, 188 'Entostylid (=entocristid supernumerary cuspid(s)) number (Davis, 2007 - ch. 51; Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 14)' / 'singles cusp/one' with_two_or_more, 189 'Postentocristid on m1-3 (Abello, 2013 - ch. 36; Abello, 2018 - ch. 43)' / absent present, 190 'Relative height of distal entocristid end and distal cristid obliqua end on m2-3 (Abello et al 2021 - ch. 52)' / roughly_equal cristid_obliqua_higher, 191 Hypoconulid_presence / present reduced_or_absent, 192 'Hypoconulid shape in m2-3 (Chornogubsky and Goin 2015 - ch. 16; Abello et al 2018 - ch. 52)' / well_developed 'somewhat reduced, with certain mesiodistal compression' 'disc-shaped, very broad, occupying most of the posthypocristid edge', 193 'Hypoconulid position on m2-3 (Oliveira and Goin, 2011 - ch. 62; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 92)' / 'terminal in position, not twinned with the entoconid' 'more lingually placed, still nearly terminal and twinned with the entoconid' lingual_in_position_and_twinned_with_the_entoconid posterolingual_in_position, 194 'Precingulid on m2-3 (Chornogubsky and Goin, 2015 - ch. 24; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 81; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 256)' / present vestigial_to_absent, 195 'Precingulid development on m2-3 (Chornogubsky and Goin, 2015 - ch. 24; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 81; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 256)' / 'normally developed (i.e., reaching at least the base of the protoconid)' 'short (i.e. only on paraconid)' 'long (i.e., extends to the labial cingulid or mesial wall of the hypoconid)', 196 'Postcingulid development m2-3' / absent_or_weakly_developed 'well-developed', 197 'm2-3 labial pseudotalonid (=posterobasal and labial cingula merged with talonid basin) (Goin et al. 2007: 64-65)' / 'not merged (=absent)' 'merged (=present)', 198 'm2-3 lingual pseudotalonid (i.e., talonid labially basined by the hypoconid but lingually it extends through the lingual wall of the protoconid forming a mesio-lingually extended talonid) (Goin et al. 2007: 64-65): (0) absent, (1) present' / absent present, 199 'M4/m4 (Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 26)' / present absent, 200 'Lm3/Lm4 proportion (Goin and Abello 2013 - ch. 12)' / 'm4 not reduced (=1.0-1.5)' 'm4 reduced (=1.6 or more)' 'enlarged m4 (=lower than 1.0)', 201 'm4 trigonid shape (=Wtri/Ltri)' / subequal_to_higher_than_0.7 lower_than_0.7, 202 'm4 metaconid (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 87-88)' / present absent, 203 m4_metaconid_x_paraconid_size / 'sub-equal' 'paraconid taller, but metaconid greater than 50% of the height of paraconid' metaconid_taller 'paraconid taller, with metaconid smaller than 50% of the height of paraconid', 204 m4_protoconid_hypertrophy / 'absent (=not hypertrophied)' 'present (=hypertrophied)', 205 m4_postprotocristid_merged_with_the_hypoconulid / absent present, 206 m4_talonid / present absent, 207 m4_talonid_development / 'talonid long (i.e. about the length of trigonid or longer)' 'talonid short (i.e. shorter than the trigonid but longer than 33%)' 'talonid very short (=or reduced) (i.e. less than 33% of trigonid''s length)', 208 m4_hypoconid / present absent, 209 'm4 entoconid (Abello et al. 2018 - ch. 63)' / absent present, 210 m4_entoconid_hypertrophy / not_hypertrophied 'hypertrophied, occuping most of the talonid basin', 211 m4_hypoconid_x_entoconid_position / entoconid_at_distolingual_corner_and_distal_to_hypoconid 'entoconid more mesially shifted (=transversally aligned or mesial to hypoconid)', 212 m4_protocristid_contacts_the_hypoconulid / absent present, 213 m4_hypoconulid / present absent, 214 'm4 hypoconulid relative size (Muizon et al., 2018 - ch. 93; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 266)' / as_tall_as_or_lower_than_other_talonid_cusps taller_than_other_talonid_cusps, 215 m4_hypoconulid_position / central_or_nearly_central more_lingually_shifted, 216 'm4 posterolabial cingulid (Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 274)' / absent present, 217 'm4 lingual pseudotalonid (lingual shelf formed by the entocristid merged with talonid basin) (Goin et al. 2007: 64-65)' / absent present, 218 'm4 labial pseudotalonid (i.e., posterobasal and labial cingula merged with talonid basin) (Goin et al. 2007: 64-65)' / 'not merged (=absent)' 'merged (=present)', 219 'm4 roots number (Abello et al., 2013 - ch. 46; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 59; Abello et al 2018 - ch. 53)' / two_roots 'single/one root', 220 'Molar horizontal ramus increasing in height from m1 to m4 (Goin and Candela, 2004: 27)' / absent present, 221 P1_presence / present absent, 222 'P1 number of roots (Carneiro and Oliveira, 2017b)' / two one, 223 P2_presence / present absent, 224 P2_development / 'well-developed' reduced, 225 P2_number_of_roots / two one, 226 'P2 with lingual bulge/''protocone-like'' cusp' / absent present, 227 P2_plagiaulacoid / absent present, 228 'P2 and P3 relative sizes (Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 27)' / P2_subequal_or_smaller_than_P3 P2_larger_than_P3, 229 P3_presence / present absent, 230 'P3 symmetry (Chornogubsky 2021 - ch. 29)' / symmetric asymmetric, 231 P3_relative_length_to_M1 / P3_shorter_to_subequal_to_M1 P3_longer_than_M1, 232 'P3 relative height to M1 in occlusal view (Abello et al. 2018 - ch. 55)' / 'not hypertrophied (lower to only slightly taller than M' 'hypertrophied (p3 at minimum 2x taller than M1)', 233 'P3 width shape (Gillespie et al. 2016 - ch. 6; Abello et al. 2018 - ch. 54)' / 'uniform width (=fusiform, broadest centrally)' wider_posteriorly 'wider anteriorly/medially', 234 'P3 length-width ratio (Chornogubsky and Goin 2015 - ch. 7)' / between_1.5_and_2.0 less_than_1.5 greater_than_2.0, 235 P3_number_of_lobes / one two, 236 'P3 presence of cusps on longitudinal blade (Gillespie et al 2016 - ch. 5)' / absent present, 237 'P3 size of cusps on longitudinal blade (Gillespie et al 2016 - ch. 5)' / small enlarged, 238 'P3 curvature of the longitudinal blade (Gillespie et al. 2016 - ch. 9)' / straight 'labially/buccally convex' lingually_convex, 239 'P3 anterolingual crest (Gillespie et al. 2016 - ch. 10)' / absent crested cusped, 240 'P3 longitudinal blade slope of the posterior end (Gillespie et al. 2016 - ch. 11)' / steep 'gently-angled (=shallow/subhorizontal)' gently_convex, 241 'P3 v-shaped longitudinal blade (Gillespie et al. 2016 - ch. 12)' / absent present, 242 'P3 posterobuccal crest (Gillespie et al. 2016 - ch. 15)' / absent present, 243 'P3 with lingual bulge/''protocone-like'' cusp' / absent present, 244 'P3 posterolingual cingulum (Abello et al 2018 - ch. 57; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 188)' / present absent, 245 'P3 posterolingual cusp (Beck et al 2020 - ch. 10)' / absent present, 246 'P3 posterolabial cingulum (Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 189; Abello et al. 2018 - ch. 58)' / present absent, 247 'P3 labial ridges (Abello et al. 2018 - ch. 59)' / absent present, 248 'P3 lingual ridges (Abello et al. 2018 - ch. 60)' / absent present, 249 'P3 enamel extending down the buccal surface and onto the root (Beck et al 2022 - ch. 11)' / absent present, 250 'P3 number of roots (Cohen, 2017)' / two one three, 251 'Number of lower premolars (Luo et al., 2011 - ch. 153)' / four_or_more three_or_less, 252 'Gliriform lower dentition (i.e., canine and premolars are similar in shape, with some teeth usually absent or with neomorphic teeth) (Abello et al., 2015 - ch. 4; Abello et al. 2018 - ch. 5)' / absent 'present, with eight antemolar teeth' 'present, with less than eight anteromolar teeth', 253 'p1 presence (Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 4)' / present absent, 254 p1_number_of_roots / two one, 255 'p1 shape and position of main cusp (Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 186)' / anteroposteriorly_aligned_with_or_anterior_to_anterior_root posterior_to_anterior_root, 256 'P1/p1 orientation relative to tooth row (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 20; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 178)' / 'paralel to tooth row (=less than 19 degrees),' 'obliquely oriented to tooth row (20 degrees or more)' transversely_oriented_to_tooth_row, 257 'Diastema between p1-p2 (Engelman et al. 2020 - 183)' / 'absent (alveolar margins in contact)' 'small (less than one tooth root in length)' 'long (greater than one tooth root in length)', 258 'p2 presence (Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 5)' / present absent, 259 p2_development / 'well-developed' reduced, 260 'p2 symmetry of main cusp (=anteroposterior symmetry of the p2)' / 'anterior edge of cusp more convex than posterior edge (=asymmetric)' 'both edges similar in curvature (=symmetric)', 261 p2_number_of_roots / two one, 262 'p2 marginal cingulids (i.e., cingulids that extends to the mesial wall of the premolar)' / absent present, 263 'p2 precingulid (Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 193)' / absent present, 264 'P/p2 relative to tooth row (Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 179)' / parallel_to_subparallel oblique almost_transveral, 265 'p2 and p3 relative sizes (Oliveira and Goin, 2011 - ch. 69)' / p3_larger_than_p2 p3_subequal_to_p2 p3_smaller_than_p2, 266 'Diastema between p2-p3' / 'absent (alveolar margins in contact)' 'small (less than one tooth root in length)' 'long (greater than one tooth root in length)', 267 'LP/p3 relative to cheektooth row length (LM/m1-4) (Gillespie et al. 2016 - ch. 8)' / lower_than_0.40 'between 0.40-0.60' greater_than_0.60, 268 'Lp3/Lm1 proportion (Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 9)' / 'm1 longer or equivalent to p3 (=less or equal to 1.0)' 'p3 longer than m1 (=greater than 1.0)', 269 'p3-m1 contact (Abello et al. 2018 - ch. 13)' / mostly_contiguous p3_supports_most_or_all_of_the_m1_trigonid_, 270 Diastema_between_p3_and_m1 / absent present, 271 'P3/p3 orientation relative to tooth row (Forasiepi et al. 2015:11)' / aligned_with_molar_series 'slightly obliquely, distally inclined', 272 'p3 development (Abello et al. 2021 - ch. 19)' / 'well-developed' reduced, 273 p3_morphology / premolariform bulbous subtriangular_and_bladed 'peg-like', 274 'p3 anterior lingual crests (Abello et al. 2018 - ch. 11)' / absent present, 275 'p3 symmetry of main cusp (=anteroposterior symmetry of the p3) (Forasiepi et al. 2015 - ch. 129; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 194; Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 7)' / 'anterior edge of cusp more convex than posterior edge (=asymmetric)' 'both edges similar in curvature (=symmetric)', 276 'p3 number of labial ribs on p3 (Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 8)' / none one two, 277 'p3 main cusp (Abello et al. 2013 - ch. 10; Abello et al. 2018 - ch. 12)' / straight lingually_bent, 278 'p3 with anterobasal cuspule (Abello et al. 2018 - ch. 9)' / absent present, 279 'p3 talonid (Abello et al. 2018 - ch. 10)' / present absent, 280 'p3 talonid cuspid (sensu Goin et al, 2023)' / absent present, 281 'p3 marginal cingulids (i.e., cingulids that extends to the mesial wall of the premolar)' / absent present, 282 'p3 number of roots (Abello et al., 2013 - ch. 6; Abello et al 2018 - ch. 8)' / two_roots one_root 'three roots or incipiently three-rooted', 283 'Lower premolars roots (Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 192)' / 'flat (as wide as crown)' bulbous_on_only_one_premolar bulbous_on_all_premolars, 284 'Diastema between c-p1 (Engelman et al. 2020 - 182)' / 'absent (alveolar margins in contact)' 'small (less than one tooth root in length)' 'long (greater than one tooth root in length)', 285 'Diastema between C-P1 (Suarez et al 2023 - ch. 183)' / absent present, 286 'Upper canine presence (Beck et al. 2020 - ch. 3)' / present absent, 287 'Upper canine number of roots (Beck, 2017 - ch. 167)' / two one, 288 'Shape of the labial face of the upper canine (Suarez et al 2023 - ch. 178)' / continuous 'divided in two flat surfaces (antero-labial and posterolabial)', 289 'Upper canines shape (Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 170)' / caninelike 'caninelike, saber-like' 'premolar-like', 290 'Roots of upper canines (Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 171)' / closed_in_adults open, 291 'C/c relative size (=Asymmetry in mesio-distal length of the canines [taken at the alveolar level]) (Goin 1997:204; Suarez et al 2023 - ch. 172)' / equivalent C_relativley_larger_than_c, 292 'Canine surface of the roots (Babot et al. 2002 - ch. 34; Muizon et al., 2018 - ch. 16; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 173)' / smooth 'corrugated (=with small grooves and ridges)' 'deeply corrugated (=with deep grooves)', 293 'Canine prominent median sulci on labial faces (Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 174)' / absent present, 294 'Canine prominent median sulci on lingual faces (Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 175)' / absent present, 295 'Lower canine presence (Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 3)' / present absent, 296 'Lower canine roots number (Luo et al., 2011 - ch. 151)' / two one, 297 'Lateral compression of lower canine (Suarez et al. 2023 - ch. 173)' / 'without compression or slightly compressed (length/width < 1.60)' 'very compressed (length/width > or = 1.60)', 298 'Roots of lower canines (Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 172)' / closed_in_adults open, 299 'Lower canine procumbence (Suarez et al 2023 - ch. 179)' / 'erect (=vertical)' 'semi-procumbent (=sub-vertical (root inclination > 60 degrees respect to the horizontal plane)' 'procumbent (=oblique, inclined forward)', 300 'Canine enamel layer (Babot et al. 2022: 481)' / with_moderately_to_thick_enamel_layer with_thin_enamel_layer, 301 'Upper incisors number (Beck, 2017 - ch. 148; Muizon et al., 2018 - ch. 1; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 156)' / five four three two one, 302 'Upper incisors shape (Beck, 2017 - ch. 161; Muizon et al., 2018 - ch. 8)' / 'peg-shaped' spatulated 'hypsodont/triangular (sensu Zimicz and Goin, 2020)', 303 'I2-3 posteriormost cusp (Abello et al 2021 - ch. 66)' / absent present_as_a_small_cusp 'present as a large, rounded cusp', 304 'Size upper I3 vs. I2 (Beck, 2017 - ch. 162; Muizon et al., 2018 - ch. 6; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 160)' / 'I3 > I2' 'I3 = I2' 'I3 < I2', 305 'Diastema between I3 and I4 (Abello et al. 2018 - ch. 68)' / absent present, 306 'Morphology of I4 (Abello et al. 2021 - ch. 67)' / gracile_tooth_with_a_single_pointed_cusp flat_ventral_margin_with_no_prominent_cusp with_three_pointed_crowns, 307 'Lower incisors number (Beck, 2017 - ch. 147; Muizon et al., 2018 - ch. 10)' / four three two one, 308 'First lower incisor (i2) hypertrophy (Chornogubsky and Goin, 2015 - ch. 4; Abello et al 2018 - ch 3) ' / not_hypertrophied hypertrophied, 309 'First lower incisor (i2) orientation (Chornogubsky and Goin, 2015 - ch. 4)' / subvertical horizontal, 310 'First lower incisor (i2) hypsodonty' / absent present, 311 First_lower_incisor_and_second_lower_incisor_size_comparison / 'first = second' 'first > second' 'second > first', 312 Second_lower_incisor_hypertrophy / absent present, 313 'Staggered second lower incisor (i3 of Hershkovitz) (Beck, 2017- ch. 168; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 114; Muizon et al., 2018 - ch. 11)' / absent present, 314 Bilobed_third_lower_incisor / absent present, 315 Deciduous_dentition / deciduous_premolars 'deciduous P3/p3 only', 316 Replacement_of_dP3 / dp3_is_replaced dp3_is_not_replaced, 317 'Dentary relative height (=shape of dentary - depth below m3/m4 embrasure/length m1-4) (Goin and Abello, 2013 - ch. 1; Chornogubsky and Goin, 2015 - ch. 2; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 103; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 139)' / 'shallow (less than 0.6)' 'intermediate (between 0.6 and 0.8)' 'elevated (more than 0.8)', 318 'Height difference between the alveolar plan of the premolar and molar series (=high of the mandible at the diastema) (Goin and Abello, 2013 - ch. 2; Chornogubsky 2020 - ch. 6)' / 'progressive increase in the height (=dentary anterior to p3 is equal to the one at the level of the molar row)' 'abrupt increase in the height at the level of p3 (=dentary anterior to p3 is considerably lower than the high at the molar row)' 'continuous increase in the height at the level of p3/m1', 319 'Dentary alignment of premolars and molars alveoli (sensu Goin & Carlini 1995; Suarez et al 2023 - ch. 140)' / 'linearly-placed' slightly_arched_labially 'markedly arched lingually (=sigmoid)', 320 'Mandibular symphysis fusion (Beck, 2017 - ch. 175; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 105; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 141; Suarez et al 2023 - ch. 143)' / 'dentaries articulated at symphysis (unfused)' dentaries_strongly_ankylosed dentary_fused_at_symphysis, 321 'Symphyseal flange subvertical and with radially oriented, lingual bone striations (Goin, 1997: 203)' / absent present, 322 'Dorsomedial symphyseal ridge (Chornogubsky 2021 - ch. 1)' / absent present, 323 'Anteroventral edge of mandibular symphysis (=Orientation/shape of anterior end of dentary) (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 106; Ladevèze et al. 2020 - ch. 81; Abello et al. 2018 - ch. 4; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 142)' / 'horizontal to subhorizontal (=slanting and forming a small angle with tooth row; tapering forward, with ventral border continuous or bending upwards in an angle < 40º)' 'dorsally projected (=less slanting, forming an angle; Increasing in height forward, with ventral border bending upwards in an angle > or = 40º)', 324 'Mental foramina number (Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 143)' / one_or_two three_or_more, 325 'Enlarged anterior mental foramen (Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 144)' / absent present, 326 'Anterior-most mental foramen location' / approximately_at_the_same_level_than_the_other_mental_foramina clearly_ventral_to_the_level_of_the_other_mental_foramina dorsal_to_the_level_of_the_other_mental_foramina, 327 'Posterior mental foramen position (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 107; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 145)' / below_p3_or_anterior 'at p3/m1 embrasure or below m1' posterior_to_m1, 328 'Retromolar space presence (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 113; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 146)' / developed vestigial_or_absent, 329 'Retrodental (=retromolar) foramen (Beck, 2017 - ch. 260; Abello et al 2021 - ch. 12)' / absent present, 330 'Angle between coronoid process and tooth row (Muizon et al., 2018 - ch. 112; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 152)' / subvertical_between_95_and_105° between_106_and_125° more_than_125°, 331 'Masseteric fossa (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 84; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 67; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 108; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 148)' / restricted_dorsally_by_crest_reaching_condyle extends_ventrally_to_lower_margin_of_dentary masseteric_fossa_and_coronoid_process_extremely_, 332 'Posterior shelf of masseteric fossa (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 68; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 109; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 149)' / absent present, 333 'Mandibular foramen position (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 74; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 116; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 153)' / 'posterior to anterior to the coronoid process (=posterior to mid-point of coronoid process)' 'below (=at mid-point of coronoid process)' 'anterior to mid-point of coronoid process', 334 'Coronoid facet (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 76; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 111)' / present absent, 335 'Shape of the angular process (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 115; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 151) ' / 'Shelf-like (ASL/AL > 0.81)' 'Intermediate (0.72 < ASL/AL < 0.81' 'Rod-like (ASL/AL < 0.72)', 336 'Angular process medially inflected (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 73; Beck, 2017 - ch. 174; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 114; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 150)' / posteriorly_directed medially_inflected posteroventrally_directed, 337 'Morphology of mandibular condyle (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 71; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 117; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 154)' / ovoid_or_subspherical cylindrical, 338 'Condyle position relative to tooth row (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 72; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 118; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 155; Engelman et al. 2018:9-10)' / above_alveolar_border_of_tooth_row dorsal_to_the_alveolar_border_of_the_molars_but_not_dorsal_to_the_crowns_of_the_molars level_with_the_alveolar_border_of_the_molar_row_or_below_molar_row, 339 'Ventral margin of the dentary behind last molar continuous to condyle (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 104; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 140)' / straight 'gently curved (=convex, angled or rounded)', 340 'Meckelian groove presence (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 75; Luo et al., 2011)' / present vestigial_or_absent, 341 'Meckelian groove development (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 75; Luo et al., 2011)' / 'well-developed' weakly_developed, 342 'Length of the skull (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 119; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 1)' / 'short (Less than twice width at level of zygomatic arch' 'long (Greater than twice width at level of zygomatic arch)', 343 'Length of rostrum (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 2; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 120)' / 'Less or equal than 1/3 total length of skull' 'between 1/3 and 1/2 total length of skull' 'more than 1/2 total length of skull ', 344 'Upper incisor arcade shape (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 157; Beck, 2017 - ch. 157; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 9)' / 'parabolic (= U-shape)' slightly_convex_anteriorly transverse 'not an arcade: compressed transversely with incisors telescoped' 'broad v-shape' 'long, narrow v-shape', 345 'Postorbital process development (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 137; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 18)' / absent_or_weak_tuberosity 'well-developed (=conspicuous protruding process)', 346 'Septomaxilla (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 78; Beck, 2017 - ch. 197)' / present absent, 347 'Paracanine fossa lateral margin (=anterolateral process of the maxilla in the paracanine fossa) (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 81; Beck, 2017 - ch. 265; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 125; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 7)' / 'present, the anterolateral process of the maxilla closes the fossa laterally; the paracanine fossa is composed of the maxilla and premaxilla' 'absent, the fossa is opened laterally; the paracanine fossa is composed of the premaxilla only', 348 'Paracanine fossa morphology (=dimensions of paracanine fossa) (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 126; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 8)' / 'not extended dorsally, longer (anteroposteriorly) than high (dorsoventrally)' 'extended dorsally, higher dorsoventrally than (or as high as) long (anteroposteriorly)', 349 'Precanine notch (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 127; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 9)' / absent present, 350 'Premaxilla, palatal process (=lateral palatal process of the premaxilla) (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 79; Beck, 2017 - ch. 199; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 128; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 11)' / Anterior_to_or_just_reaches_anterior_border_of_canine_alveolus posterior_to_anterior_border_of_canine_alveolus, 351 'Posterior border of incisive foramen (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 9; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 129)' / anterior_to_or_just_reaches_anterior_border_of_canine_alveolus posterior_to_anterior_border_of_canine_alveolus posterior_to_posterior_border_of_canine_alveolus_, 352 'Position of medial palatal process of premaxilla (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 10; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 130) ' / Horizontal 'Inclined dorsally, forming an incisive fossa', 353 'Internarial process of the premaxilla (=distinct narial tubercle or process at the anterodorsomedial angle of the premaxilla) (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 163; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 131; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 13)' / absent present, 354 'Posterior end of the facial (posterodorsal) process of the premaxilla (=posterior-most point of premaxillo-nasal contact) (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 158; Beck, 2017 - ch. 177; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 132; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 14)' / 'above canine or anterior (=anterior or at the level of the canine)' 'above P1 or P2 (=posterior to the canine) ' posterior_to_P2, 355 'Anterior extent of nasals (=nasals overhangs nasal aperture) (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 133-134; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 15)' / 'protrude anteriorly, obscuring the nasal opening in dorsal view (=present)' 'retracted posteriorly, exposing the narial opening in dorsal view (=absent)', 356 'Antorbital fossa (Beck, 2017 - ch. 267)' / absent present, 357 'Maxillo-nasal contact (Beck, 2017 - ch. 268)' / present 'prevented by premaxilla-frontal contact (=absent)', 358 'Fronto-maxillary or naso-lacrimal contact (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 86; Beck, 2017 - ch. 179; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 139; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 19)' / 'absent (=naso-lacrimal contact)' 'present (=maxillofrontal contact)', 359 'Shape of naso-frontal suture (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 135; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 16)' / 'wide open W-shaped or posteriorly convex' 'acute W-shaped or posteriorly convexacute W or V-shaped', 360 'Naso-frontal suture with medial process of frontals wedged between nasals (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 96; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 84; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 136; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 17)' / absent present, 361 'Nasal foramina (=antorbital vacuities) (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 85; Abello et al. 2018 - ch. 1)' / absent present, 362 'Lacrimal tubercle (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 87; Beck, 2016 - ch. 180; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 141; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 46)' / present absent, 363 'Lacrimal foramen exposed on face (=position of lacrimal foramina) (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 88; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 142; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 47)' / absent_or_within_orbit present_or_exposed_on_face, 364 'Lacrimal foramen number (Beck and Taglioretti, 2019 - ch. 49; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 89; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 143; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 48)' / double single, 365 'Bones surrounding infraorbital canal in the orbit (Beck, 2017 - ch. 176)' / 'maxilla + lacrimal' maxilla_only, 366 'Lacrimal anterior extent (width of facial process relative to lacrimal dorsoventral height) (Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 44)' / 'restricted to orbit (less than half height)' 'extending onto rostrum (more than half height)', 367 'Facial process of the lacrimal shape (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 140; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 45)' / 'small crescentic and rounded anteriorly (=rounded)' 'large triangular and pointed anteriorly (=triangular with anterodorsal projection)', 368 'Posterior extent of lacrimal (Suarez et al 2023 - ch. 45)' / 'anterior to the level of the postorbital process /bar' 'extends posteriorly, reaching the level of the postorbital process /bar', 369 'Exit(s) of infraorbital canal (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 94; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 82)' / multiple single, 370 'Flaring of maxillary "cheeks" behind infraorbital foramen (=flaring of cheeks behind infraorbital foramen, as seen in ventral view) (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 95; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 83; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 145; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 23)' / present absent, 371 'Infraorbital foramen location/position (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 144; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 22; Abello et al. 2018 - ch 2)' / anterior_or_dorsal_to_the_anterior_root_of_P3 dorsal_to_the_posterior_root_of_P3_or_dorsal_to_M1 posterior_to_M1_, 372 'Fossa for the levator labii muscle in the anterior end of the jugal (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 147)' / absent 'present, mainly in the jugal' 'present, mainly in the maxila', 373 'Maxillo-jugal contact angle (=maxillary-jugal contact bifurcated) (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 91; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 146; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 20)' / 'absent (=more than 140º degree)' 'present (=between 95º and 140º degrees)', 374 'Anterior medial and lateral palatal processes of the maxilla (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 148)' / both_processes_approximately_of_the_same_size medial_process_much_smaller_than_the_lateral_or_absent, 375 'Zygomatic arch (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 92)' / stout delicate, 376 'Masseteric process (Beck, 2017 - ch. 259)' / absetn present, 377 'Maximum maxilla (palatal portion) length/width ratio (Beck, 2017 - ch. 178; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 26)' / ratio_less_or_equal_to_1.5 ratio_larger_than_1.5, 378 'Shape of fronto-parietal suture (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 165; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 52) ' / formed_by_posterior_wedge_of_frontals formed_by_anterior_wedge_of_parietals 'no wedge, roughly straight ', 379 'Palate shape (Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 27)' / 'rectangular (molar rows near parallel)' 'triangular (wider posteriorly)' 'arc-shaped (wider at middle and narrower posteriorly)', 380 'Palatal pits presence (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 149; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 28)' / 'none (=absent)' present, 381 'Palatal pits number independently of their size (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 149; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 28)' / 'one (between ultimate and penultimate molar)' 'two between ultimate, penultimate and antepenultimate molars' 'two pits between first, antepenultimate, and penultimate molars', 382 'Palatal vacuities (=maxillopalatine fenestrae) (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 93; Beck, 2017 - ch. 198; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 150; Beck and Taglioretti, 2019 - ch. 59; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 29)' / absent_or_just_small_foramina 'present, restricted to palatine bones' 'present, in both palatine and maxillary bones ', 383 'Major palatine foramen (=Foramina on maxilla) (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 151; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 30)' / absent 'present, many small foramina on the surface of the maxilla', 384 'Minor palatine (=postpalatine) foramen (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 102; Wilson et al. 2017 - ch. 97; Beck, 2017 - ch. 200; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 152; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 31)' / present_and_complete incomplete_or_absent, 385 'Palatal expansion behind last molar (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 100; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 94; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 153; Beck and Taglioretti, 2019 - ch. 68; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 32)' / 'anterior (=Extend to the level of the last molar) or even with' 'posterior (=extend beyond the level of the last molar)', 386 'Posterior end of palatines (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 95; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 154; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 33)' / 'weak or absent and posterior edge of palate concave posteriorly (single-arched, concave posteriorly)' absent_and_posterior_edge_of_the_palate_straight 'prominent and posterior edge of the palate double-arched', 387 'Level of the palate relative to the basicranium (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 96; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 124; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 6; Suarez et al 2023 - ch. 6)' / 'absent (=palate lower than basicranium)' 'present (=palate and basicranium at the same level) ', 388 'Pterygoids development (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 104; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 99; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 29; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 160; Beck and taglioretti, 2019 - ch. 71)' / 'well-developed ' reduced, 389 'Pterygoids contact on midline (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 104; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 99; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 29; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 160; Beck and taglioretti, 2019 - ch. 71)' / present absent, 390 'Pterygopalatine crests (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 100)' / present absent, 391 'Ectopterygoid process of alisphenoid (=posterior process of pterygoids, which covers the alisphenoid-basisphenoid suture) (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 101; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 161)' / absent present, 392 'Optic foramen (=optic foramen and sphenorbital fissure) (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 102; Beck, 2017 - ch. 202; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 48; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 163)' / 'well separated from sphenorbital fissure (=absent)' 'confluent with sphenorbital fissure (=present)', 393 'Orbitotemporal canal (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 105; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 103; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 162)' / present absent, 394 'Carotid foramen position (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 105; Beck, 2017 - ch. 191; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 194; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 87)' / 'within basisphenoid (=well anterior to basioccipital-basisphenoid suture)' 'in basisphenoid close to the level of basioccipital-basisphenoid suture' between_basisphenoid_and_petrosal, 395 'Transverse canal (=transverse foramen) (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 168; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 104; Beck 2017 - ch. 192; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 50; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 181; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 68)' / absent present, 396 'Transverse canal position (Beck, 2017 - ch. 193)' / anterior_to_carotid_foramen perforating_pterygoid_fossa confluent_with_carotid_foramen posterior_to_carotid_foramen, 397 'Complete wall separating cavum supracochleare from cavum epiptericum (=floor of cavum supracochleare) (Ladevèze and Muizon 2007 - ch. 118; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 128; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 1; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 225; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 127)' / absent present, 398 'Cavum epiptericum (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 119; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 109; Beck 2017 - ch. 219; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 2; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 205; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 112)' / floored_by_petrosal petrosal_and_alisphenoid primarily_or_exclusively_by_alisphenoid 'primarily open (=open as a pyriform fenestra)', 399 'Fossa subarcuata (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 120; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 159; Beck, 2017 - ch. 220; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 3; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 209; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 114)' / 'deep (=greatest diameter larger than aperture - spherical)' 'shallow (=intermediate: greatest diameter subequal to aperture - cylindrical; wide open: greatest diameter is the aperture - conical)' 'very shallow or absent: just a depression', 400 'Posterior exposure of the pars mastoidea (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 121; Ladevèze and Muizon, 2010 - ch. 4)' / dorsoventrally_elongated_and_approximately_flat rounded_and_bulbous_due_to_the_excavation_of_the_fossa_subarcuata, 401 'Intratympanic sinus excavated in the exoccipital (Muizon et a. 2018 - ch. 186; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 76)' / absent present, 402 'Expansion of the crista petrosa into a salient crest that may cover the anterolateral part of the fossa subarcuata (Beck, 2017 - ch. 222; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 5; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 206; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 115)' / absent present, 403 'Anterior lamina exposure on lateral braincase wall presence (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 123; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 108; Beck, 2017 - ch. 223; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 6; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 168)' / present absent, 404 'Anterior lamina exposure on lateral braincase wall development (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 123; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 108; Beck, 2017 - ch. 223; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 6; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 168)' / large rudimentary, 405 'Internal acoustic meatus (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 153; Beck, 2017 - ch. 225; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 9; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 207; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 113)' / 'deep, with thick prefacial commissure' 'shallow, with thin prefacial commissure', 406 'Deep groove for internal carotid artery excavated on anterior pole of promontorium (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 127; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 148; Beck 2017 - ch. 226; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 82; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 10; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 210)' / absent present, 407 'Tensor tympani fossa (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 128; Beck 2017 - ch. 227; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 11; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 214; Muizon and Ladevèze 2022 - ch. 164)' / smooth_and_shallow_area distinct_circular_pit_or_elongated_fossa long_and_narrow_groove_bordering_anterolateral_edge_of_promontorium, 408 'Epitympanic wing medial to promontorium presence (=anteromedial flange - Wible, 2003) (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 122; Beck 2017 - ch. 228-229; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 83; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 12-13; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 204)' / absent present, 409 'Epitympanic wing medial to promontorium shape (=anteromedial flange - Wible, 2003) (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 122; Beck 2017 - ch. 228-229; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 83; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 12-13; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 204)' / flat undulated confluent_with_bulla, 410 'Lateral flange (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 126; Beck 2017 - ch. 230; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 14)' / large_and_lateral_to_promontorium greatly_reduced_or_absent, 411 'Tympanic sinus formed in the lateral trough (or lateral expansion of the pars canalicularis) (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 162; Ladevèze and Muizon, 2010 - ch. 15; Maga and Beck, 2018 - ch. 254)' / absent present, 412 'Broad shelf of bone surrounding fenestra cochleae and making a separation between it and aqueductus cochleae (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 161; Beck 2017 - ch. 231; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 16)' / absent present, 413 'Rostral tympanic process of petrosal (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 133; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 130; Beck, 2017 - ch. 232; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 213; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 17; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 120)' / absent_or_low_ridge_or_smooth_tubercle 'patent/distinct crest or erected process', 414 'Rostral tympanic process anterior extent (=anterolaterally directed wing) (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 134; Beck, 2017 - ch. 233; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 216; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 18; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 121)' / not_winged restricted_to_posterior_half extends_anteriorly_and_contacts_alisphenoid, 415 'Tympanic aperture of hiatus Fallopii (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 135; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 123; Beck, 2017 - ch. 234; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 223; Ladevèze and Muizon, 2010 - ch. 20; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 125)' / present absent, 416 'Hiatus Fallopii position (=tympanic aperture of hiatus Fallopii) (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 135; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 123; Beck, 2017 - ch. 234; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 223; Ladevèze and Muizon, 2010 - ch. 20; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 125)' / 'ventral (tympanic) face of petrosal' 'intermediary (i.e., neither visible in dorsal nor in ventral views; at anterior edge of petrosal)' 'on dorsal (cerebellar) face of petrosal (=in roof through petrosal)', 417 'Stylomastoid foramen (=Exit of facial nerve) (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 136; Beck 2017 - ch. 235; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 21; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 224; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 126)' / 'absent (=stylomastoid notch)' 'present (=stylomastoid foramen)', 418 'Inferior petrosal sinus (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 137; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 151; Beck 2017 - ch. 236; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 22)' / intrapetrosal 'between petrosal, basisphenoid, and basioccipital' endocranial, 419 'Mastoid exposure (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 162; Beck, 2017 - ch. 237; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 23; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 232)' / 'large on occiput (=contacts the parietal)' 'narrow (=does not contact the parietal)' 'reduced pars mastoidea, internal to the braincase and wedged between the squamosal and exoccipital', 420 'Paroccipital process (sensu Wible and Hopson 78) (=mastoid tympanic process) presence (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 139; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 131; Beck 2017 - ch. 238; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 24; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 222)' / present indistinct_or_absent, 421 'Paroccipital process (sensu Wible and Hopson 78) (=mastoid tympanic process) orientation and shape (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 139; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 131; Beck 2017 - ch. 238; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 24; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 222)' / large_vertical_process 'small, nodelike, and ventrally directed process, forming a distinct posterior wall of the stylomastoid notch', 422 'Caudal tympanic process of petrosal development (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 132, 134; Beck, 2017 - ch. 239-240; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 218; Ladevèze and Muizon, 2010 - ch. 25-26; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 122)' / forms_a_small_crest_that_does_not_wholly_floor_the_postpromontorial_sinus forms_an_expanded_lamina_that_floors_the_postpromontorial_sinus, 423 'Petrosal plate (Beck 2017 - ch. 241; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 27; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 217; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 123)' / absent present, 424 'Fossa incudis (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 137; Beck 2017 - ch. 242; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 28; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 92; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 230)' / continuous_with_epitympanic_recess separated_from_epitympanic_recess, 425 'Petrosal crest (=tympanic petrosal crest) (sensu Muizon, 1999) (Beck 2017 - ch. 243; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 227; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 29; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 131)' / absent present, 426 'Tuberculum tympani (Ladevèze et al. 2020 - ch. 177; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 132)' / weakly_developed large, 427 'Petrosal contribution to lateral wall of the epitympanic recess (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 146; Beck 2017 - ch. 245; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 31)' / 'massive, large shelf of bone, sometimes rounded' petrosal_slender_and_triangular petrosal_forming_a_thin_lamina, 428 'Squamosal contribution to the epytimpanic recess (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 138; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 229; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 129)' / squamosal_part_as_large_as_petrosal_one squamosal_part_distinctly_smaller_than_petrosal_one squamosal_part_distinctly_larger_than_petrosal_one, 429 'Prootic canal presence (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 147-148; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 124; Beck 2017 - ch. 246; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 32-33; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 211-212; Engelman et al 2020 - chs. 118-119)' / present absent, 430 'Prootic canal development (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 147-148; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 124; Beck 2017 - ch. 246; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 32-33; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 211-212; Engelman et al 2020 - chs. 118-119)' / large_with_endocranial_opening reduced_with_intramural_opening, 431 'Imprint of the transverse sinus bifurcation on the petrosal (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 149; Beck 2017 - ch. 247; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 34)' / absent present, 432 'Foramina on the sigmoid sinus and/or prootic sinus, apparently connecting both vessels (i.e., sigmoid sinus vein) (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 150; Beck, 2017 - ch. 248; Ladevèze and Muizon, 2010 - ch. 35)' / absent present, 433 'Posttemporal notch/foramen (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 153; Ladevèze and Muizon, 2010 - ch. 38; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 144; Beck, 2017 - ch. 250; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 233; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 137)' / present absent, 434 'Posttemporal sulcus on the squamosal surface of the petrosal (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 152; Beck, 2017 - ch. 249; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 37; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 234; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 138)' / present absent, 435 'Foramen ovale composition (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 157; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 111; Beck 2017 - ch. 190; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 39; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 192; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 83)' / 'lamina obturans / other bones (=in petrosal)' 'alisphenoid / petrosal (=between petrosal and alisphenoid)' 'on/just alisphenoid' 'alisphenoid / squamosal', 436 'Foramen ovale location (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 112; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 84)' / on_lateral_wall_of_braincase on_ventral_surface_of_skull, 437 'Alisphenoid canal (=secondary foramen ovale) (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 158; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 107; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 58; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 40; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 193)' / absent present, 438 'Secondary foramen ovale completely enclosed in alisphenoid (Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 85)' / absent present, 439 'Tympanic process of the alisphenoid (=Alisphenoid tympanic wing) presence (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 159; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 121; Beck, 2017 - ch. 181; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 182; Ladevèze and Muizon, 2010 - ch. 41; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 69)' / absence presence, 440 'Tympanic process of the alisphenoid (=Alisphenoid tympanic wing) development (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 159; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 121; Beck, 2017 - ch. 181; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 182; Ladevèze and Muizon, 2010 - ch. 41; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 69)' / poorly_to_moderately_developed 'well-developed, extending to or near posterior lacerate foramen and paroccipital process', 441 'Hypotympanic sinus presence (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 164; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 140; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 44; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 183; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 70)' / absent present, 442 'Petrosal contribution to hypotympanic sinus (Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 19; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 71)' / absent present, 443 'Squamosal contribution to hypotympanic sinus (Beck 2017 - ch. 254; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 72)' / absent present, 444 'Medial process of squamosal in tympanic cavity (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 141; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 52; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 185; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 73)' / absent present, 445 'Alisphenoid contribution to hypotympanic sinus (=concave process of alisphenoid contributing to antero-dorsal portion of hypotympanic sinus) (Beck 2017 - ch. 255; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 74)' / present absent, 446 'Transpromontorial sulcus (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 146; Beck 2017 - ch. 251; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 45)' / present absent, 447 'Sulcus for stapedial artery (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 147; Beck 2017 - ch 252; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 46)' / present absent, 448 'Squamosal epitympanic sinus (Beck 2017 - ch. 258; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 51; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 189; Beck and Taglioretti, 2019 - ch. 77; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 75)' / absent present, 449 'Jugular fossa (Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 91)' / absent present, 450 'Jugular foramen size relative to fenestra cochleae (=size of jugular foramen relative to fenestra vestibuli) (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 149; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 53; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch 198; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 90)' / 'sub-equal' jugular_foramen_larger, 451 'Jugular foramen (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 150; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 64; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 54; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 197)' / confluent_with_opening_for_inferior_petrosal_sinus separated_from_opening_for_inferior_petrosal_sinus, 452 'Mastoid-squamosal fusion (=petrosal-squamosal fusion) (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 154; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 55; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 111)' / absent present, 453 'Coiling of cochlea (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 129; Beck 2017 - ch. 253; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 56)' / less_than_360° 360°_or_greater, 454 'Internal acoustic meatus (IAM) and subarcuate fossa (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 208)' / subequal_and_separated_by_sharp_wall 'sub-equal and separated by a thick wall' IAM_narrower_than_the_opening_of_the_subarcuate_fossa_and_separated_by_a_thick_wall, 455 'Exit for maxillary nerve relative to alisphenoid (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 110)' / behind within_or_in_front, 456 'Squama of squamosal (=Foramina for veinous drainage of the temporal cavity on parietal) (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 106; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 113; Suarez et al 2023 - ch. 136)' / absent present, 457 'Position of jaw articulation relative to fenestra vestibuli (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 114)' / at_same_level in_front, 458 'Glenoid fossa shape (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 115; Beck, 2017 - ch. 262; Beck et al 2022 - ch. 63)' / 'articular eminence planar (=trough-like; concave), or mandibular fossa absent/indistinct' with_distinct_articular_eminence_and_mandibular_fossa convex, 459 'Glenoid process of jugal presence (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 116; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 34; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 171)' / absent present, 460 'Glenoid process of jugal articular facet (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 116; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 34; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 171)' / with_articular_facet without_facet, 461 'Glenoid process of alisphenoid (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 108; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 117; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 180; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 66)' / absent present, 462 'Postglenoid process (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 118; Beck, 2017 - ch. 183; Beck et al 2022 - ch. 64)' / absent_or_weakly_developed present, 463 'Width of glenoid cavity (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 173; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 54)' / less_than_twice_anteroposterior_length more_than_twice_anteroposterior_length__, 464 'Width of the postglenoid process (=proportions of postglenoid process) (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 176; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 57)' / as_wide_as_glenoid_fossa narrower_than_glenoid_fossa, 465 'Morphology of postglenoid process (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 175; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 56)' / 'wider than high (half as tall as wide or less)' wide_and_low height_subequal_to_or_greater_than_width, 466 'Postglenoid-suprameatal vascular system (=suprameatal foramen) presence (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 119; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 178; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 61)' / absent present, 467 'Postglenoid-suprameatal vascular system (=suprameatal foramen) (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 119; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 178; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 61)' / 'below squamosal crest (=below postzygomatic crest)' 'above squamosal crest (=at the same level or above postzygomatic crest)', 468 'Postglenoid foramen presence (Beck 2017 - ch. 186; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 58)' / absent present, 469 'Postglenoid foramen location (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 120; Beck 2017 - ch. 187; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 177; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 59)' / 'medial to postglenoid process (=even with postglenoid process)' 'behind (=posterior) postglenoid process' anterior_to_postglenoid_process_and_frequently, 470 'Position of incisura tympanica (Beck, 2017 - ch. 188)' / caudal_or_caudodorsal located_dorsally_or_anterior_crus_and_posterior_crus_unite_dorsally, 471 'Size of incisura tympanica (Beck, 2017 - ch. 189)' / narrow_or_absent wide, 472 'Position of sulcus for anterior distributary of transverse sinus relative to subarcuate fossa (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 125)' / anterolateral posterolateral, 473 'Stapedial ratio (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 127; Beck, 2017 - ch. 207; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 231; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 128)' / 'rounded, less than 1.8' 'elliptical, more than 1.8', 474 'Crista interfenestralis and caudal tympanic process of the petrosal connected by curved ridge (=fusion of ectotympanic with other bones of the skull) (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 133; Beck, 2017 - ch. 185; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 237)' / absent present, 475 'Paracondylar process of exoccipital presence (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 135; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 219; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 64)' / absent present, 476 'Paracondylar process of exoccipital and post-tympanic process of squamosal relative size (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 135; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 219; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 64)' / paracondylar_process_larger both_processes_similar_in_length, 477 'Rear margin of auditory region (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 136)' / marked_by_a_steep_wall extended_onto_a_flat_surface, 478 'Stapedius fossa (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 139; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 94; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 221)' / twice_the_size_of_fenestra_vestibuli small_and_shallow, 479 'Ectotympanic shape (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 142; Beck, 2017 - ch. 182; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 236; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 105)' / 'ring-like (=ring-shaped)' 'transversely expanded (=moderately broadened; expanded)' tubelike, 480 'Ectotympanic attachment to skull (Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 106)' / ligamentous tight_articulation_with_marked_ridges_and_grooves fused_to_rostral_tympanic_process, 481 'Foramina for temporal rami presence (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 143; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 167; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 134-135)' / presence absence, 482 'Foramina for temporal rami placement (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 143; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 167; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 134-135)' / on_petrosal 'on parietal and/or squama of squamosal', 483 'Foramen for ramus superior of stapedial artery presence (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 145)' / present absent, 484 'Foramen for ramus superior of stapedial artery placement (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 145)' / on_petrosal 'on petrosal-squamosal suture', 485 'Ascending canal (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 114; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 152; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 239; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 96)' / present absent, 486 'Intramural transverse canal (Beck, 2017 - ch. 194)' / absent present, 487 'Interparietal (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 115; Beck and Taglioretti, 2019 - ch. 59; Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 155; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 164; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 51)' / absent present, 488 'Dorsal margin of foramen magnum (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 156; Beck, 2017 - ch. 195; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 67; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 241; Beck and Taglioretti, 2019 - ch. 83)' / formed_by_exoccipitals by_exoccipitals_and_supraoccipital, 489 'Shape of nasals (Beck, 2017 - ch. 196)' / posteriorly_expanded not_posteriorly_expanded, 490 'Parietal-alisphenoid or squamosal-frontal contact on braincase (Beck, 2017 - ch. 172; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 166; Engeman et al. 2020 - ch. 53)' / 'parietal-alisphenoid' 'squamosal-frontal', 491 'Width of frontals versus width of parietals (Beck, 2017 - ch. 173; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 3; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 122)' / parietal_wider_or_equal_to_frontal parietal_narrower_than_frontal, 492 'Hypoglossal foramina (Beck, 2017 - ch. 201; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 195; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 88)' / 'two or more,' one, 493 'Groove between hypoglossal foramina and foramen for inferior petrosal sinus (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 196; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 89)' / shallow_or_absent 'well-defined with prominent lateral borders ', 494 'Cavum supracochleare (Beck, 2017 - ch. 218; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 226)' / 'is not roofed dorsally by the petrosal, and a depression in the anterior lamina for the geniculate ganglion is visible in dorsal view' is_entirely_enclosed_within_the_petrosal 'is not floored ventrally, such that there is no secondary facial foramen', 495 'Pars mastoidea (=pneumatization of squamosal) (Beck, 2017 - ch. 221; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 190; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 80)' / 'not extensively pneumatised (=absent)' 'extensively pneumatised and composed of cancellous bone (=present)', 496 'Angle (posterior angle) between maxilla-jugal suture and plane of the tooth row in lateral view (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 146)' / more_than_140° between_140_and_95°, 497 'Width of braincase versus maximum postorbital width (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 4; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 123)' / ca._as_wide_at_base_as_long distinctly_wider longer_than_wide_at_base, 498 'Orbital crest (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 35; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 138)' / absent present, 499 'Distinct preglenoid process of squamosal (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 40; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 174)' / absent present, 500 'External acoustic meatus (=Squamosal at external acoustic meatus) (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 238; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 62)' / squamosal_not_thickened_at_meatus longer_than_wide wider_than_long__, 501 'Orientation of the post-tympanic and/or paracondylar processes (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 220; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 65) ' / ventrally_projecting anteroventrally_projecting__, 502 'Concave process of alisphenoid contributing to antero-dorsal portion of hypotympanic sinus (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 53; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 184)' / absent present, 503 'Eustachian foramen (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 215; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 82)' / no_impression notch_on_the_alisphenoid foramen_on_petrosal, 504 'Median keel in basioccipital (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 65; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 199)' / absent present, 505 'Median crest of basisphenoid/presphenoid (sphenoid crest) (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 200; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 94)' / absent present, 506 'Connection between condylar articular facets in ventral view (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 69; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 242)' / absent present, 507 'Sagittal crest presence (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 170; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 102) ' / present absent, 508 'Sagittal crest development (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 170; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 102) ' / 'prominently developed (extending to frontals)' 'weakly developed (not extending to frontals)', 509 'Position of nuchal crest (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 73; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 169) ' / at_or_posterior_to_the_level_of_the_condyles anterior_to_the_condyles_, 510 'Position of petrosal (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 201; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 107) ' / at_the_level_of_the_ventral_margin_of_the_braincase dorsal_to_the_ventral_level_of_the_braincase, 511 'Expanded apex of the rostrum with concave tooth rows and lateral edges of the rostrum between canine and infraorbital foramen (=expanded apex of rostrum) (Muizon et al., 2018 - ch. 121; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 3)' / absent present, 512 'Foramen or groove in lateral edge of postpalatine torus presence (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 155; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 37)' / absent presence, 513 'Foramen or groove in lateral edge of postpalatine torus size (=size of postpalatine torus foramen) (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 155; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 37)' / 'small (less than half the diameter of the minor palatine foramen or groove)' 'large (approximately half the diameter of the minor palatine foramen or more)', 514 'Morphology of the postpalatine torus foramen (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 156; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 38)' / 'totally or almost totally enclosed in the palatine (=closed)' 'wide-open groove (=open)', 515 'Palatine enters the posterior opening of the infraorbital canal (maxillary foramen) (=palatine contributes to infraorbital canal) (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 157; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 36)' / present absent, 516 'Position of sphenopalatine foramen (=Position of sphenorbital foramen relative to lacrimal) (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 158; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 40)' / posterior_to_the_level_of_the_posterior_border_of_lacrimal anterior_to_the_level_of_the_posterior_border_of_lacrimal, 517 'Anteroposterior position of the sphenopalatine foramen relatively to the molars (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 159; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 41)' / above_penultimate_or_antepenultimate_molar above_ultimate_molar_or_posterior, 518 'Postorbital (frontal) process of the jugal (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 172)' / absent present, 519 'Paroccipital process of exoccipital (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2007 - ch. 112; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 179)' / low_tubercle_or_absent 'long process with diameter at apex smaller than proximodistal length (=tall paroccipital process of exoccipital)', 520 'Intratympanic sinus in the pars mastoidea (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 187; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 78)' / absent present, 521 'Anterior expansion of the middle ear sinus within the lateral wall of the braincase (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 188; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 79)' / absent present, 522 'Notch or foramen in alisphenoid for greater petrosal nerve (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 191; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 86)' / present absent, 523 'Orientation of the pars cochlearis of the petrosal: plane defined by the apex of the promontorium-fenestra vestibuli-fenestra cochleae (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 202; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 108)' / subhorizontal_or_slightly_oblique subvertical, 524 'Orientation of the major axis of the petrosal (axis subarcuate fossa- internal acoustic meatus) (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 203; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 109)' / subhorizontal_to_slightly_oblique oblique_to_subvertical vertical, 525 'Contribution of squamosal to occiput (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 240; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 97)' / absent_or_small large, 526 'Atlantal foramen (Beck, 2017 - ch. 1; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 188; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 243)' / absent present, 527 'Atlas transverse foramen (Beck, 2017 - ch. 2; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 189; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 244)' / absent present, 528 'Atlas, posterior extent of transverse process (Beck, 2017 - ch. 3; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 191; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 246)' / 'anterior or just reach caudal facets for axis (=absent)' extend_caudally_slightly_beyond_level_of_caudal_facet_for_axis extend_caudally_far_beyond_level_of_caudal_facet_for_axis, 529 'Atlas, shape of the transverse processes (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 247; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 284)' / roughly_straight 'distinctly concave because of the development of a prominent ventral process posteriorly (proximodistal length longer than transverse width)', 530 'Atlas, cranial facets shape (Beck, 2017 - ch. 4; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 193; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 248)' / only_concave dorsal_edge_curved dorsal_edge_envelops_the_occipital_condyle_medially, 531 'Atlas, transverse process (Beck, 2017 - ch. 5; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 192)' / 'ventral to atlantal foramen groove absent (=does not reach level of atlantal foramen or groove)' 'extends anterior beyond atlantal foramen or groove (=present)', 532 'Atlas ventral arches (Beck 2017 - ch. 6)' / open complete, 533 'Atlas intercentrum presence (Beck, 2017 - ch. 7; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 194; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 249)' / absent present, 534 'Atlas intercentrum fusion (Beck, 2017 - ch. 7; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 194; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 249)' / with_no_fusion fused, 535 'Axis ventral foramen on transverse process (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 190; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 245)' / absent present, 536 'Axis transverse foramen (Beck, 2017 - ch. 8; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 250)' / 'absent, represented by a notch' 'present, enclosed', 537 'Axis posterior spinous process extension presence (Beck, 2017 - ch. 9; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 196; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 251): (0) absent, (1) present, extends beyond the level of the postzygapophyses (=distinctly longer than anterior extension), (2) extends to the level of the postzygapophyses (=shorter or subequal to anterior extension)' / absent present, 538 'Axis posterior spinous process extension (Beck, 2017 - ch. 9; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 196; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 251)' / 'extends beyond the level of the postzygapophyses (=distinctly longer than anterior extension)' 'extends to the level of the postzygapophyses (=shorter or subequal to anterior extension)', 539 'Axis, ventral sagittal crest (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 252)' / roughly_straight distinctly_concave_because_of_the_development_of_a_robust_ventral_process_posteriorly, 540 'Axis extra pair of transverse processes on the ventral surface of the body (Beck, 2017 - ch. 10)' / absent present, 541 'Axis anterior facets (prezygapophyses) and dens connection (Beck, 2017 - ch. 11)' / not_linked linked facets_extend_ventral_to_the_dens, 542 'Axis-C3-C4 fusion (Beck, 2017 - ch. 13)' / no_fusion axis_and_C3_fused 'axis-C3-C4 fused', 543 'C3-C4 ventral sagittal process (Beck, 2017 - ch. 14; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 197; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 253)' / absent present, 544 'C5 transverse process displays two heads (Beck, 2017 - ch. 15; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 198)' / absent present, 545 'C5 and T1 body length (Beck, 2017 - ch. 17; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 199; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 255)' / subequal_or_C5_longer_than_T1 C5_shorter_than_T1, 546 'C6 transverse process posterior extension (Beck, 2017 - ch. 18)' / absent present, 547 'C7 transverse foramen (Beck, 2017 - ch. 20; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 201; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 257)' / absent incipient_or_represented_by_a_notch 'complete foramen (=enclosed foramen)', 548 'Articulation among cervical vertebrae (Beck, 2017 - ch. 21)' / only_bodies_articulate prezygapophyses_and_postzygapophyses_in_addition_to_body_articulate, 549 'C4-C5, articulation between bodies type (Beck, 2017 - ch. 22)' / flat saddle, 550 'T1 transverse process (Beck, 2017 - ch. 23)' / absent present, 551 'First thoracic vertebrae with a tall spinous process (relative to other vertebrae) (Beck, 2017 - ch. 25; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 203; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 258)' / T1 T2 T3, 552 'First thoracic vertebrae with prezygapophysis facing laterally (Beck, 2017 - ch. 26)' / T1 T2 T3, 553 'Thoracic vertebrae, intervertebral foramen enclosed (Beck, 2017 - ch. 27)' / absent present, 554 'Anticlinal vertebra (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 204; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 259)' / on_lumbar on_thoracic no_anticlinal_vertebra__, 555 'Last lumbar vertebra, foramen on dorsal arch (Beck, 2017 - ch. 28; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 205; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 260)' / absent present, 556 'Lumbar vertebrae, mammillary processes (metapophyses) in third lumbar vertebra anterior to the last lumbar (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 261)' / absent_or_weak present, 557 'Ventral median keel on lumbar vertebra (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 207; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 262)' / absent present, 558 'Auricular process of sacrum (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 208; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 263) ' / developed_on_two_sacral_vertebrae developed_on_one_sacral_vertebra, 559 'Size of sacral spinous process (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 209; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 264) ' / 'shorter (=lower) than last lumbar' subequal_to_taller_than_last_lumbar, 560 'Length of the tail (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 210; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 265)' / shorter_than_twice_the_length_of_the_precaudal_vertebral_column greater_than_twice_the_length_of_the_precaudal_vertebral_column__, 561 'Metapophyses in third lumbar vertebra anterior to last presence (Beck, 2017 - ch. 29; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 206)' / absent present, 562 'Metapophyses in third lumbar vertebra anterior to last (Beck, 2017 - ch. 29; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 206)' / anterior dorsal, 563 'Caudal vertebrae, count (Beck, 2017 - ch. 30)' / 9_or_fewer 11_or_more, 564 'Caudal vertebrae, hyperexpanded chevrons (Beck, 2017 - ch. 31)' / absent present, 565 'Sternal cartilages, ossification (= sternal ribs) (Beck, 2017 - ch. 33)' / absent present, 566 'Ribs, articulation with sternum (Beck, 2017 - ch. 34)' / with_single_sternebra with_two_sternebrae, 567 'Scapula angle between scapular spine and dorsal border (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 211; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 266)' / 'acute or almost straight (between 80 and 95 degrees)' 'obtuse (between 100 and 110 degrees) ', 568 'Scapula, coracoid process (Beck, 2017 - ch. 35; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 212; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 267)' / 'separate and large (=extends beyond medial border of glenoid cavity)' 'hook-like process' 'small process (=just reaches medial border of glenoid cavity)' small_protuberance_or_absent, 569 'Scapula, ventral extension of acromion (Beck, 2017 - ch. 36; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 213; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 268)' / 'ventral (=below) beyond glenoid cavity' does_not_extend_beyond_below_level_of_glenoid_cavity, 570 'Scapula, crest on medial aspect, near the caudal border (Beck, 2017 - ch. 37)' / absent present, 571 'Separate large interclavicle (Beck, 2017 - ch. 38)' / absent present, 572 'Scapula, anterior extension of the acromion process (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 269)' / posterior_to_anterior_edge_of_glenoid_fossa 'anterior or just lateral to anterior edge of glenoid fossa (1)', 573 'Scapula, Infraspinous fossa width (Beck, 2017 - ch. 39; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 214; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 270)' / 'less than 1/4 its length' 'between 1/2 and 1/4 its length' 'more than 1/2 its length', 574 'Scapular spine (=acromion) width at neck level (Beck, 2017 - ch. 40; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 215; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 271)' / narrower_than_infraspinous_fossa 'sub-equal' wider_than_infraspinous_fossa, 575 'Scapula, Infraspinous/supraspinous fossa width at neck level (Beck, 2017 - ch. 41; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 216; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 272)' / 'infraspinous fossa narrower (=supraspinous fossa wider)' 'sub-equal' 'supraspinous fossa narrower (=infraspinous wider)', 576 'Scapular notch (Forsiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 217; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 273)' / more_than_130_degrees between_90_and_130_degrees, 577 'Clavicle (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 218; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 274)' / present absent, 578 'Humerus, medial relief for teres major m. (=Medial process or rugosity for the teres major on humeral diaphysis) (Beck, 2017 - ch. 42; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 219; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 275)' / absent present, 579 'Humerus, lateral ridge (=Tricipital line of humerus) presence (Beck, 2017 - ch. 43; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 220; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 276)' / absent present, 580 'Humerus, lateral ridge (=Tricipital line of humerus) development (Beck, 2017 - ch. 43; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 220; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 276)' / ridge_or_small_crest massive_crest_continuous_with_deltopectoral_crest, 581 'Humerus, capitulum for radius (Beck, 2017 - ch. 44; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 277)' / spherical cylindrical, 582 'Humerus, entepicondylar foramen (Beck, 2017 - ch. 45; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 222; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 278)' / absent present, 583 'Humerus, olecranon fossa or foramen presence (Beck, 2017 - ch. 46; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 223)' / absent present, 584 'Humerus, olecranon fossa or foramen devlopment (Beck, 2017 - ch. 46; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 223)' / small_fossa large_fossa foramen_, 585 'Humerus, laminar supinator crest (=ectepicondylar crest) (Beck, 2017 - ch. 47; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 224; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 279)' / present absent, 586 'Humerus, greater tuberosity height relative to humeral head height (Beck, 2017 - ch. 48; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 225; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 280)' / equal_or_greater_tuberosity_is_lower greater_tuberosity_is_higher, 587 'Humerus, development of greater tuberosity in proximal view (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 281; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 315) ' / 'small (less than half the anteroposterior length of head)' 'large (greater than or equal to half the anteroposterior length of head) ', 588 'Humerus, extension of the deltoid crest (Beck, 2017 - ch. 49; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 227; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 282)' / restricted_to_proximal_half_of_humerus reaches_distal_half, 589 'Humerus, distal end of deltoid crest (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 228; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 283) ' / merging_with_diaphysis forming_a_distinct_angle_or_process__, 590 'Humerus trochlea (Beck, 2017 - ch. 50)' / absent present, 591 'Humerus, proximal extension of capitulum and trochlea (Beck, 2017- ch. 51; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 284; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 318)' / longer_proximal_extension_of_capitulum 'sub-equal' long_proximal_extension_of_trochlea, 592 'Humerus, medial epicondyle size (Beck, 2017 - ch. 52; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 230; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 285)' / 'large (30% width of distal epiphysis or more)' 'small (less than 30% width of distal epiphysis)', 593 'Humerus distal end size (Beck, 2017 - ch. 53; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 231; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 286)' / large small, 594 'Humerus, head shape (Beck, 2017 - ch. 54)' / 'symmetrical/ovoid' mediolaterally_compressed, 595 'Humerus, capitulum lateral extension (Beck, 2017 - ch. 55; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 232; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 287)' / 'absent, capitulum rounded and regularly sloping laterally' 'present, straight with a flat shelf and/or a salient crest', 596 'Humerus, depth of intercondylar notch (=humeral trochlea) in posterior view (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 288; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 322) ' / wide_and_relatively_shallow_concave narrower_and_concave_posteriorly__, 597 'Humerus, shaft curvature (Beck, 2017 - ch 56; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 234; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 289)' / curved straight, 598 'Ulna medial development of the coronoid process (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 235; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 290)' / does_not_protrude_beyond_medial_border_of_olecranon_process_ medially_protruding_, 599 'Ulna medial curvature (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 236; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 291)' / present absent, 600 'Ulna, proximal epiphysis, distal most portion of articular surface for humerus (Beck, 2017 - ch. 57)' / 'ulnar area is less than 1/2 of radial one' 'more than 1/2', 601 'Ulna, coronoid process (Beck, 2017 - ch. 58)' / absent present, 602 'Ulna, distal process (Beck, 2017 - ch. 59; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 292; Engelman et al 2020 - ch. 326)' / 'spherical, contributing to a ball and socket articulation (=Convex posteriorly)' 'nonspherical (=straight or concave posteriorly)', 603 'Radius, articular facet for humerus (Beck, 2017 - ch. 60; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 238; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 293)' / anteroposteriorly_compressed circular_or_almost_circular, 604 'Radius, Distal shaft (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 239; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 294)' / 'oval (wider than long)' 'rounded (almost as wide as long) ', 605 'Lunate presence (Beck, 2017 - ch. 61)' / absent_or_fused_to_other_elements present, 606 'Lunate (Beck, 2017 - ch. 61)' / very_small 'relatively large, with contacts ith other carpals', 607 'Prepollex (Beck, 2017 - ch. 62; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 240; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 295)' / absent present, 608 'Distolateral process of scaphoid presence (Beck, 2017 - ch. 63; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 241; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 296)' / absent present, 609 'Distolateral process of scaphoid relation with magnus (Beck, 2017 - ch. 63; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 241; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 296)' / does_not_separate_lunate_from_magnum separates_dorsally_lunate_from_magnum, 610 'Proximal aspect of magnum (Beck, 2017 - ch. 64)' / single_head 'saddle-shape articulation with lunate', 611 'Magnum, facet with MC III (Beck, 2017 - ch. 65)' / 'flat, convex or keeled' fully_concave, 612 'Trapezium, number of distal heads (= plantar tubercules) (Beck, 2017 - ch. 66; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 242; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 297)' / two_heads one_head, 613 'Both MC I and MC V are hyper-reduced in relation to other metacarpals (Beck, 2017 - ch. 68)' / hyperreduction no_hyperreduction, 614 'Magnum and unciform proximal extension (Beck, 2017 - ch. 69)' / similarly_proximal unciform_more_proximal, 615 'Tuberosity for rectus femoris major presence (Beck, 2017 - ch. 70; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 245; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 300)' / 'no relief (=absent)' present, 616 'Tuberosity for rectus femoris major shape (Beck, 2017 - ch. 70; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 245; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 300) ' / protuberance depression, 617 'Relative size of obturator foramen (Beck, 2017 - ch. 71)' / smaller_or_equal_to_acetabulum larger_than_acetabulum, 618 'Hyperdevelopment of iliopubic process (Beck, 2017 - ch. 72)' / absent present, 619 'Angle between transverse axis of proximal and distal epiphyses of metacarpal I (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 243; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 298) ' / absent present, 620 'Orientation of ilium relative to ischium (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 244; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 299)' / 'prominent (=deflected) dorsally' aligned_with_ischium__, 621 'Length of iliac neck (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 246; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 301)' / longer_than_20%_total_pelvis_length 'short, less than 20% the total pelvis length' less_than_6%_total_pelvis_length, 622 'Greater sciatic notch (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 247; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 302) ' / 'greater than 120 degrees (=obtuse angle)' 'between 90 and 115 degrees (=right or acute angle)', 623 'Iliac and gluteous fossa presence (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 248; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 303)' / 'no fossa (=absent)' 'with fossa (=present)', 624 'Iliac and gluteous fossa size relation (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 248; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 303)' / two_fossa_subequal_in_size gluteous_fossa_larger__, 625 'Pelvis, acetabular notch (Beck, 2017 - ch. 73)' / absent present, 626 'Epipubic bones (Beck, 2017 - ch. 74; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 249; Muizon et al., 2015 - ch. 389; Bi et al., 2018 - ch. 367; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 304)' / present absent, 627 'Epipubic bones proximal size (Beck, 2017 - ch. 75; Muizon et al. 2015 - ch. 305)' / short long, 628 'Femur, mediolateral constriction in greater trochanter of femur (Beck, 2017 - ch. 76)' / absent present, 629 'Femur, torsion between proximal and distal epiphyses (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 251; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 306)' / absent present, 630 'Femur, relative height of greater trochanter / femoral head (Beck, 2017 - ch. 77; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 252; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 307)' / greater_trochanter_is_lower_or_equal great_trochanter_is_higher, 631 'Femur, lesser trochanter (Beck, 2017 - ch. 78; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 253; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 308)' / 'absent (=knob-like or absent)' 'present (=large and blade-like)', 632 'Femoral condyles (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 254; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 309)' / lateral_condyle_wider_than_medial_condyle 'sub-equal' medial_condyle_wider_than_lateral_condyle__, 633 'Third trochanter presence (Muizon et al., 2015 - ch. 394)' / absent present, 634 'Third trochanter position relative to the lesser trochanter (Muizon et al., 2015 - ch. 394)' / slightly_distal_to_the_lesser_trochanter_in_position well_distally_shifted_than_third_trochanter, 635 'Fibula proximal medial accessory shelf (Beck, 2017 - ch. 79)' / absent present, 636 'Fibula proximal posterior extension beyond the area of contact with the tibia (Beck, 2017 - ch. 80)' / 'does not extend posteriorly (=absent)' 'extends (=present)', 637 'Fibula lateral distal process (Beck, 2017 - ch. 81)' / absent present, 638 'Ossified patella (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 255; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 310)' / absent present, 639 'Parafibula (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 256; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 311)' / present absent, 640 'Articulation between femur and fibula (Beck, 2017 - ch. 82; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 257; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 312)' / present absent, 641 'Process on fibula proximal end extends proximally beyond knee (Beck, 2017 - ch. 83)' / absent present, 642 'Sesamoids in articular area between tibia, fibula, and astragalus (or UAJ, upper ankle joint) presence (Beck, 2017 - ch. 84)' / absent present, 643 'Sesamoids in articular area between tibia, fibula, and astragalus (or UAJ, upper ankle joint) number (Beck, 2017 - ch. 84)' / one_sesamoid_present two_sesamoids_presents, 644 'Tibia, medial malleolus (Beck, 2017 - ch. 85)' / absent present, 645 'Tibia length relative to femur length (Beck, 2017 - ch. 86; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 258; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 313)' / tibia_longer_or_equal_to_femur tibia_shorter_than_femur, 646 'Tibia proximal dimensions (Beck, 2017 - ch. 87; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 259; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 314)' / larger_mediolaterally_than_anteroposteriorly 'sub-equal' smaller_mediolaterally_than_anteroposteriorly, 647 'Tibia shape (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 260; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 315)' / sigmoid straight, 648 'Tibia, torsion between proximal and distal epiphyses (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 261; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 316) ' / present absent, 649 'Tibia, distal articulation type (Beck, 2017 - ch. 89; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 262; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 317)' / spiral sagittal, 650 'Tibia, posterior shelf presence (Beck, 2017 - ch. 88; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 263; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 318)' / absetn present, 651 'Tibia, posterior shelf (Beck, 2017 - ch. 88; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 263; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 318)' / does_not_extend_posteriorly_beyond_the_medial_astragalotibial_facet extends_posteriorly_beyond_the_medial_astragalotibial_facet, 652 'Tibia, posterior shelf articulation (Beck, 2017 - ch. 90)' / 'no articular (=absent)' 'articular (=present)', 653 'Orientation of the lateral edge of the lateral astragalotibial (astragalus-tibia) articular facet (in lateral view) (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 319)' / parallel_to_epiphyseal_suture_of_the_tibia oblique_to_epiphyseal_suture_of_the_tibia, 654 'Tibia, anteroposterior length of the of the medial malleolus at base relative to the greatest anteroposterior length of the distal epiphysis (as seen in distal view) (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 320)' / 'sub-equal' medial_malleolus_much_shorter, 655 'Tibia, distal malleolus (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 264; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 321)' / indistinct_or_absent distinct__, 656 'Astragalus, angle between medial and lateral astragalotibial facets (=angle between medial and lateral facets for tibia) (Bec 2017 - ch. 91; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 322)' / 90° intermediate 180°, 657 'Astragalonavicular facet extends on medial side of head (Beck, 2017 - ch. 92)' / absent medial_or_present, 658 'Astragalonavicular facet extends on ventromedial area of head (Beck, 2017 - ch. 93; Forasiepi et al. 2015 - ch. 266; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 323)' / absent present, 659 'Astragalus, dimensions of facet for navicular in distal view (Beck, 2017 - ch. 94; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 267; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 324)' / transversely_wider dorsoventrally_wider, 660 'Astragalar medial plantar tuberosity (ampt) visibility in dorsal view (Beck, 2017 - ch. 95; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 359; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 325)' / not_visible visible, 661 'Astragalus, angle between facet for fibula and lateral facet for tibia (Beck, 2017 - ch. 96; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 269; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 326)' / '180 or more degrees (=no angle)' 'intermediate (90-180 degrees)' 90_degrees, 662 'Astragalar neck (Beck, 2017 - ch. 97)' / absent present, 663 'Astragalus, relative width of head and neck (Beck, 2017 - ch. 98; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 272; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 329)' / neck_narrower_or_as_wide_as_head neck_wider_than_head, 664 'Astragalar sustentacular facet medial extent (Beck, 2017 - ch. 99; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 270; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 327)' / does_not_reach_medial_edge_of_neck reaches_medial_edge_of_neck, 665 'Astragalonavicular facet position relative to facets for tibia (Beck, 2017 - ch. 100)' / anterior_to_facets_for_tibia medial_relative_to_facets_for_tibia, 666 'Astragalar canal (Beck, 2017 - ch. 101; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 322; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 328)' / present absent, 667 'Ectal facet major dimension orientation (Beck, 2017 - ch. 102; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 273)' / straight_or_anteromedial_to_posteromedial posteromedial_to_anterolateral, 668 'Ectal facet position in ventral view (Beck, 2017 - ch. 103)' / extending_up_to_posterior_edge_of_astragalus subterminal, 669 'Astragalus, ridge between medial and lateral astragalotibial facets (Beck, 2017 - ch. 104)' / absent present, 670 'Astragalus, ridge between lateral astragalotibial and astragalofibular facets (Beck, 2017 - ch. 105)' / absent present, 671 'Medial astragalotibial facet, posterior extent (Beck, 2017 - ch. 106)' / does_not_reach_posterior_edge_of_lateral_astragalotibial_facet equal_in_anteroposterior_length_as_lateral_astragalotibial_facet, 672 'Malleolar shelf of astragalus (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 274; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 330)' / absent present, 673 'Astragalo-distal tuber (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 275; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 331)' / absent present, 674 'Astragalonavicular facet connection with sustentacular facet (Beck, 2017 - ch. 107; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 276; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 332)' / present absent, 675 'Astragalo-cuboid facet on astragalar head (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 333)' / present absent, 676 'Calcaneus, orientation of the calcaneoastragalar (ectal) facet (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 335; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 370)' / mostly_medial intermediate mostly_dorsal, 677 'Calcaneal peroneal groove for the peroneous longus (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 281; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 338) ' / indistinct_or_weakly_developed 'distinct, deep separation', 678 'Outline of sustentacular process (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 283; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 340) ' / triangular_or_rounded rectangular_and_elongated__, 679 'Length of the tuber calci (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 291; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 348)' / longer_than_the_body as_long_as_the_body_or_shorter_, 680 'Medial curvature of the tuber calci (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 292; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 349) ' / present absent, 681 'Ventral curvature of the tuber calci (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 293; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 350)' / present absent, 682 'Calcaneus, notch for cuboid pivot on calcaneocuboid facet (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 351)' / absent present, 683 'Calcaneal sustentacular facet on sustentaculum (Beck, 2017 - ch. 108)' / 'no sustentaculum (facet is located in calcaneal body)' on_sustentaculum 'facet is located above level of sustentaculum, which becames the medial process', 684 'Ectal facet longest dimension (Beck, 2017 - ch. 109-110; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 277; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 334)' / anteromedial_to_posterolateral 'straight sagittally longer (=anteroposterior)' 'straight transversely longer (=transverse)' posteromedial_to_anterolateral__, 685 'Calcaneal anterior peroneal tubercle (Beck, 2017 - ch. 111)' / absent present, 686 'Calcaneal peroneal tubercle (Beck, 2017 - ch. 112; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 279; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 336)' / protuberance 'crest-like or laminar' process_, 687 'Calcaneal anterior peroneal tubercle position (Beck, 2017 - ch. 113; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 337)' / protuding_anteriorly_beyond_calcaneocuboid_facet 'anterior, non-protuding' at_a_distance_from_anterior_end_of_calcaneus, 688 'Calcaneal sustentacular facet (anterior part) mesiolateral orientation (Beck, 2017 - ch. 114; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 341; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 376)' / medial mediodorsal_or_dorsal anterodorsal, 689 'Anteroposterior orientation of sustentacular facet (Beck, 2017 - ch. 115; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 342; Engelman et al. 2020 - ch. 377) ' / dorsal 45_degrees_dorsoanteriorly, 690 'Sustentacular facet morphology (Beck, 2017 - ch. 116; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 286; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 343)' / slightly_concave_or_flat posteriorly_convex_or_convex, 691 'Calcaneal sustentacular facet posteriorly convex (Beck, 2017 - ch. 117)' / absent present, 692 'Calcaneal plantar tubercle (Beck, 2017 - ch. 118)' / absent present, 693 'Calcaneal sustentacular facet and ectal facet merging (Beck, 2017 - ch. 119; Szalay, 1994; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 288; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 345)' / separate with_narrow_connection merged, 694 'Calcaneal sustentacular facet anterior edge (Beck, 2017 - ch. 120)' / anterior_to_posterior_facet equal_to_posterior_to_posterior_facet, 695 'Calcaneal facet for fibula presence (Beck, 2017 - ch. 121; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 289; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 346)' / absent present, 696 'Calcaneal facet for fibula (Beck, 2017 - ch. 121; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 289; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 346)' / smaller_than_ectal_facet larger_than_ectal_facet, 697 'Calcaneal facet for fibula orientation (Beck, 2017 - ch. 122; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 290; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 347)' / dorsal lateral dorsal_only_posteriorly, 698 'Calcaneocuboid facet of the calcaneum (Beck, 2017 - ch. 123; Szalay 1994)' / 'not subdivided into separate facets (=planar or concave)' 'subdivided into distal (CaCud) and proximal (CaCup) facets' 'subdivided into auxiliary (CaCua), lateral (CaCul) and medial facets (CaCum)', 699 'Calcaneus, position of the sustentaculum (Beck, 2017 - ch. 124; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 282; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 339)' / reaches_anterior_end_of_calcaneus subterminal, 700 'Calcaneus, secondary distal calcaneoastragalar facet (Beck, 2017 - ch. 125; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 287; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 344)' / absent present, 701 'Cuboid medial plantar process forms groove (Beck, 2017 - ch. 126)' / absent present, 702 'Cuboidcalcaneal facet (Beck, 2017 - ch. 127)' / mostly_convex_or_flat concave_anteroposteriorly 'two shelves, medial more proximal' two_concavities, 703 'Cuboidcalcaneal facet angle between proximal and distal facet areas (Beck, 2017 - ch. 128; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 295; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 352)' / no_angle 'angle present and small, dorsal area narrower than proximal area' 'angle present and almost straight, dorsal area wider than width of proximal area', 704 'Cuboidcalcaneal facet outer shelf (Beck, 2017 - ch. 129)' / absent present, 705 'Cuboidcalcaneal ventral facet (Beck, 2017 - ch. 130)' / absent present, 706 'Spatial relationship between navicular and entocuneiform (Beck, 2017 - ch. 131)' / entocuneiform_anterior_to_navicular entocuneiform_extends_proximally_medial_to_the_distal_area_of_the_navicular, 707 'Navicular shelf between cuboid and astragalus (Beck, 2017 - ch. 132)' / absent present, 708 'Navicular size (Beck, 2017 - ch. 133)' / navicular_half_to_one_third_the_size_of_the_cuboid navicular_more_than_half_the_size_of_the_cuboid_to_equal_to_it navicular_larger_than_cuboid, 709 'Mesocuneiform contact with navicular (Beck, 2017 - ch. 134)' / absent present, 710 'Falcula on hallux (Beck, 2017 - ch. 135)' / absent present, 711 'Angle between navicular and distal metatarsal facets of ectocuneiform (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 354)' / oblique parallel_to_the_distal_facet, 712 'Prehallux (Beck, 2017 - ch. 136; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 298; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 355)' / absent present, 713 'Mt IV proximal contact (Beck, 2017 - ch. 137)' / entocuneiform_and_cuboid cuboid, 714 'Mt V proximal process extends ventral to cuboid (Beck, 2017 - ch. 138; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 299; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 356)' / absent_or_does_not_extend_ventral_to_cuboid present_or_extends_ventral_to_cuboid, 715 'Mt II and Mt III proximal ends (Beck, 2017 - ch. 139; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 300; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 357)' / Mt_II_extends_more_proximally_than_Mt_III equal Mt_III_more_proximal, 716 'Hallux opposability (articulation Mt I with entocuneiform) (Beck, 2017 - ch. 140)' / not_opposable opposable, 717 'Spatial relationship between navicular and entocuneiform (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 353)' / entocuneiform_distal_to_navicular entocuneiform_extends_proximally_and_medial_to_the_distal_area_of_the_navicular, 718 'Ridge on proximal articular facet of Mt I (Beck, 2017 - ch. 141)' / absent present, 719 'Syndactyly or external fusion of digits II and III in the foot (Beck, 2017 - ch. 142)' / absent present, 720 'Mt I, ridge on proximal articular facet (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 358)' / absent present, 721 'Mt III thickness relative to that of Mt IV (Beck, 2017 - ch. 143; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 359)' / Mt_III_thinner Mt_III_and_IV_equal_thickness_or_Mt_IV_thicker, 722 MtI_presence / present absent, 723 'Mt III thickness relative to that of MtI (Beck, 2017 - ch. 144; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 303; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 360)' / Mt_III_thinner Mt_III_and_I_equal Mt_III_thicker_than_Mt_I, 724 'Median keel on palmar/plantar surface of metapodials (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 361)' / sharp blunt, 725 'Foot ungual phalanx of digit IV, proximal view (Beck, 2017 - ch. 145; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 305; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 362)' / larger_dorsoventrally_than_mediolaterally equal_dimensions larger_mediolaterally_than_dorsoventrally, 726 'Ungual phalange (Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 363)' / uncleft cleft, 727 'Ungual phalanges, dorsal border (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 307; Muizon et al. 2018 - ch. 364)' / 'forming a crest-like border' rounded ; MATRIX Kielantherium 00000000000000----00-------00--0-0010000000000002000000010000-000000?00??????0000000000000???0?00-00-000000000000000000000?000-0000000000000-00100000000-0000001000000000000000000-0--0---0-0-0001-000000000002000000000?000??????????????????????????????0?00?0?0000??00?000000?????????0?0????????????????????????????????000?0??000?0??0???????000?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 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Pseudothylacynus 000-111-----00----00-------01000-0221101110200202000020111000-1000--??-000001---0100001000???0000-00-00001000-01--01000-000100-000021-0000-10----01---00-1000-0100-00-021000-00200----00010--001101(0 1)010201-1102000-101001000??????????????????????????????1000?100000000000100000010?????001???????????????????????????????010000??????00?????????11-?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 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Fredszalaya 00011100000000----01000000001000-02101011102102020000001010000100000---000000---00000000000000000-0???00????????????????????????????????0???????-?????????????????????????????????????????????????????0?????????????????????0000000000100100-00000001000001????1????????????????0???????????001??????????????????????????????????????????????????????00?0???????????0?000?01??????????0???1?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Borhyaena 000-111-----00----00-------00--0-031110111020030200--2-00-----0--------00001----01000000001000000-00-00001000-01--01000-000110-0-002010000-101-330000100-100000100-00-----------------0001---01--0(0 1)110021(0 1)31-1---------101000000000000100100-000000010000010001100000000000(0 1)00(0 1)0001000000010001000010001?00020?1??10001010?0100(0 1)00011020011111111211-0020?111111101?00000001?10-?012110?1111(0 1)01002001?10110-121?101-11110?0?0-020?11-0000-??1-??1111000-111(0 1)0??011?0?2?0??00111001110???0111?1?11-1???00?1100101010(1 2)000111000110--00?10001?11001100?1011111???10??2??????0??1?????????021???1?111?(0 1)0101100110?21??11?11??100???10?????10??111111?1-?1102?????????????0??111?0011??????0?????????10?2?10000?2???100??0?100000???????????????????????0?11 Australohyaena 000-111-----00----0(0 1)0?0000001000-031110111020030200--2-00-----0--------0000??---01000000001000000-00-00000000-01--01000-000110-0-002012000-(0 1)01-330000100-100000100-00-----------------0001---01--01110021031-1---------101000000000000100100-00000001000001000110000001000010010001000000020001000010101001020?1??10001010?0200100011020021111111201-0020?111111111?00000001?00-?01?110?0?11101012?????0?00-1?1?????????????0-??0?1?????????????1111000-11101???1??0???0????011001110???????????1-1???00??1?01?1?1120??1??000110--001?0??1?21?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Acrocyon 000-111-----00----00-??----00--0-031110111020030200--2-00-----0--------00001----01000000001100000-00-00001000-01--01000-000110-0-002012000-101-330000100-100000100-00-----------------0001---01--01110021031-1---------101000000000000000100-00000001000001????2???????0??01001000100000001???1000??????0??02??1???????????0??????????????????????????????????????????????????????02?????????0??1?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Arctodictis 000-111-----00----00-------00--0-031110111020030200--2-00-----0--------00001----01000000000100000-00-00000000-01--01000-000110-0-002010000-101-330000100-100000100-00-----------------0001---01--011100211-1-1---------101000000000000100100-000000010000010001200000011000(0 1)00(0 1)00010000000(1 2)000100001(0 1)101001020?1??10000010?0200200111020011111111201-0020?1111111(0 1)1?00000001?100?012110?0111001112000?10110-121?101-11110?0?0-020?11-0000-??1-??1111000-11101??011?0?-?0??00111001110???0111?1?11-1???00?11001?10102000111000110--00110001??1001?00?101???????100?2???2??1011?0010????021???1?111010101100111?211?00011??100??010?????10??112111?1-??????????101?????010?11?0011?1100?01?01????11002010000?2?11100??0?100000??1???????00??1?0??01000011 MHT.VT.2075_ 00???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0?????111011110??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Callistoe 00011110000000----00-------00--0-032110111020030200--2-00-----0--------0000??---???00000000000000-00-00000000-01--01000-000-00-00002002000-00----0(0 1)00100-100000100-00-02000010020(0 1)(0 1)20000010-00011011000211-100200--0001100000000000000??0100-00000000000001000?1000?000000000000001000??0020001001011101011110?0??1000?010?0200100011020011121?11111-1131?111111121?001000(0 1)(0 1)?110?(0 1)02110?1211101012101?10100-12???????1?10???0-??0?0??0001??21-??1111000-11111??01100???0??00011001010???0111?1?11-1???00?1111??10102110101000110--?0110?11120002110?1011??1???11??2??????1?11?0110??????1??01211111011110?110?211?1?00???100??010?????????0????????????1?????101??????1??11?0011?1?10?01?01?????100?1????0????1??????????00???????????0???1?0???1001?0? Paraborhyaena 000???????????????????????????????????????1??????????????????????????????????????????????01???0???00-?00?????????????????????????????????0-00----01---???1???-????????02?????????????????????????1-?0?0??1-1-??????????????000000?0000????????????????????1000?10?0????1000????00?????????20001001011101010110????2????01??020010??000200?11??????1???130??11?1?0???0000???????0?1?2????1?111???????????????121?001-11110???0-020?1??00?11?2????11??000-1111???01100?2?0?????????11?????0111?1111-1?1??0?010110?11?211???100111???????001?121?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Proborhyaena 000-1100000000----00-------0???0-?3?10?1111??030200--2-00-----0--------0000??---1-?-000000???0?00-00-0000???????????????????????????????00-????--01---0??1???-?1??????020????????????????????????1-?0?0??1-1-??????????????000000000001?020???????0?????001000110?0??0010001000000100????020??????021101?101???????????????0?0010??110200111?????20???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Arminiheringia 000-111-----00----00-------00--0-0321?0111020030200--2-00-----0--------00001----000-0000001100000-00-0000???????????????????00-0??02??2000-????--01---00-1?00-01??-00-0201---01--0----00010-0-0010110102?1-1-0200--00-1010010000000000100000-00000000000001000?1000?0??0000100000010?????0?0?0100101110101112?????2????0???022000?0000200??????????1-???????????????00??0??1??????02??????1????0??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Eomakhaira 000??????????0----00-------00--0-0??1?0?110?0???2?---2-00--?--0--------??????---1-?-0000000???000-00-0000?????????????????????????????2??0-00----01---0??10??-01??????020??????????????????????????1000211-1-????????????0010000000000???0????????????????100011000?0??0000000000010?????01000100?0?01011?01???????????????022000?00002?0?????????????????????????????00?????????11?????1?1????001????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????10--????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Proborhyaenidae_gen_nov 000-111-----00---?00-??----00--0-031?-0111120030200002-?0--?--0-------???????---1-?-000?00?????00-0???00?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0100101010101?1??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? IGM_251108 00?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????00-00-00001000-01--010000000000-00003012000-10----01----0-1000-0?00-00-021000101401110000010-00012000000211-100201010???00000??????????????????????????????100?10200?0??0010000000?????00000200101?1101011?1???????20???0-???10201001-10000????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Anachlysictis 000-111-----00----00-------00--0-032100?11020030200002-111-00010000000000001----1---0000001000100-00-00001000-01--010000000-00-00002012000-10----01---00-1000-0100-00-02-000101301100000010-000020100002?1-1-0210--01--000001-01000000000100-0000001010000101----01?0000000000003?0??????00--0101?1101011?1?1?????2????0-?-110201001-1200111(0 1)1011201-1101???0?10?0???000?001?1?1??121???10?1201000101????0????????????????????????????????????????21000?11??????1??0???0??01010011110?????1?????1-1???1??1?00????10????001000?10--0011????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Patagosmilus 000-111-----00----00-------00--0-032100011020030200--2-111-00010000000000001----1---0000001100100-0???00?-?????????????????????????????0?0-10----?1---00-1000-0100-00-02-000101301100000010-000020100002????????????????????1-0100000??????????????1010000101----0?????00???????????????????-01111????????????????????????-1?020??????20011???0??????01?1???0???????00000001?0?1?11?1?0?02-1201002???????0????????????????????????????????????????2100??????????1??????0??01011011110???????????1-1???10?1?00??????????0?1000?10--010?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Thylacosmilus 000-111-----00----00-------00--0-03210001102003-211--2-00-----00-0-----00001----1---0000001100100-00-0000-000-01--01000-000-?????00201??00-10----01---00-1000-0100-00-02-?---00--0----1---0-000021-00002?1-1-0210--01--100001-01000000000?00-0000001010001101----0101010000000003000001001(1 2)--0111110(0 1)(0 1)011001?0?---2000?0-0-110201001-1200021(1 2)1111201-01-1?1?0110011?0---0001?1?1?1121?0?00-1(0 1)010121????0?00?????1??????10???0-????1???000???????1121000-111?0???11?0???0??01010000-10???0?11?1??010???10?1101?010102110101001110--??110010?21102111?1111111???110?2??????2111?0?10???????????????010?01100111?111?110?????00??????????????1??????1??0011??????01????1201111?0011?0100?00?01????11100111100?0?12110??0?100000??1???????0????????????02?? Carolopaulacoutoia 000111000000010010(0 1)100000000(0 1)0(0 1)(0 1)00120001100200200110001112100-1000000000000000000(0 1)000000000000000-00-0000000020000000000000000-0000200000000-00220010010-0100000000000111000100(2 3)01(0 1)21000000-00002001000000200000101000100000?????????????????????????????01000?100000010(0 1 2)0000000000000000000??????????01??0???????0000001?100000000(0 1)00100??1?1????01-???????????????????????????????????????????????????????1201?01-100101000-01010010000???1-0011???????0???11?????1?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Itaboraidelphys 00011100000001(0 1)010(0 1 2)100000000(0 1)00(0 1)001(1 2)0001110200200110001112100-100000000000000(0 1)0000000000000000000-00-0000000020000000000000000-0000200000000-00220010010-0100000000000111000100301(0 1)2(0 1)000000-00002001000000200000101000100000????????0?1??????????????????01000?10000001(0 1)(0 1 2)0010000000000000000??????????01??0???????0000001?100000000000(1 2)10??????1??11-?????????????????????????????1?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0??????0??????????????????????????? Didelphopsis 00011100000001(0 1)010(0 1 2)100000000(0 1)00(0 1)00110001110200200110001112100-10000000000000(0 1)(0 1)000(0 1)000000000000000-00-0000000020000000000000000-0000200000000-00220010010-010000000000011100010030112(0 1)000000-0000200(0 1)000000200000101000110000000000000?1??????????????????010000(0 1)100000100001000010000000000010??0?0???01??0???????0000001?10100000(0 1)0001(0 1)0?????????(0 1)1-???????????????????????????1?1???0?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0??????0??????????????????????????? Amphiperatherium 0001110000000(0 1)00(0 2)001000000(0 1)00--0-01(1 2)1001110200200110001112100-10000000000000000000000000000000000-00-0000000020000000000000000-0000200(0 2)00000-00220010010-0100000000000011000(1 2)00301(0 1)2101---0-0-00(2 3)0010000002000(0 1)0101000100000??????????????????????????????100000(0 1 2)000000000000000000000000001?0100?0000010000?0????00000010100000000000100?112??11011-11?0???????????????????????111??????????????????????????20???0110??????10?20?01-0001?0?01???1?????????????0?????1???????????????????????00????????????????????0??????1-???????????0??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Peratherium 0001110000000100(0 2)0(0 1 2)1(0 1)0000000(0 1)00(0 1)001(1 2)1001110200(1 2)00110001112100-10000000000000000000000000000000000-00-0000000020000000000000000-0000200(0 2)00000-00220010010-01000000000000(0 1)1000(1 2)00(2 3)01(0 1)2101---0-0-00(2 3)0010000002000001010001000000000000000001000-00000001000001000010000000000000000000000000000001000000001000000?00?00000010100010000010(1 2)0011121?11011-1150?000???01???111?110??0?11110?0????10?0?0?0??????01?120??00110010???10010?001100110?01???1????101?0?0??0?????1???????1001???????0?10?0????????11?00??1?00??0??0???(0 1)1?00??????0?0???0?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1??00???????????????????????????????????????01??????????1??????????????????????????????????????1?1?????1???????0????0?0??????????????????????????? Herpetotherium 000111(0 1)000000(0 1)00(0 2)(0 1)(0 1)1(0 1)00000(0 1)0(0 1)0(0 1)0-01(1 2)0001010200210110001112100-10000000000000000000000000000000000-00-0000000020000000000000000-0000200000000-00220010010-0100000000000(0 1)(0 1)1000100(2 3)01(0 1)2(0 1)000000-0000(2 3)00(0 1)0000002000101010001000000000000000001200-000000010000010000(0 1)(0 1 2)0000000(0 1)(0 1 2)00000000000000000(0 1)101000000001000000?00?01000110100000000000(0 1)0021111111011-1150100010?0(0 1)0?01(0 1)10000011011110?001000-20011000????010120?001-1001010011020100110(0 1)11101-101111001010000110011010???0??11001??1101?00???1????1-11?100000100001001?01?1-000???00?000?1000??????????????????????1????0????????????????????20??10-11??00?00100100011????1???????????101???????1??0?01?100110?00??100??111101?0010001100110101000?1111000121110?0?100100000??1????????????0??????????? Derorhynchus 0001110000000100(0 1)001000000000--0-0110001110200200110001112100-1000000000000000000(0 1)000000000000000-00-0000000020000000000000000-0000200000000-00220010010-0100000000000111000100301121000000-0000(2 3)00(0 1)000000200010101000100000??????????????????????????????100000(0 1 2)00000000(0 1)01000000000000000(0 1 2)??????????01??2???????0100011??0(0 1)210000000100??????1??11-?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 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Enigmaleo 00??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????01??0210-2101100100000??????????????????????2?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 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Vombatus 001-111-----00----00-------00--0-03-0-1-----0010011002-112100-110000111000000200010000000000?0100-10-0110001---000000001000000-0000-1-000000-00220010010-010010000000021100011--011-001---0-0-12-1-000000020000000101--000001-1-----00000010--000000010012101----1--------00000030000010000--1--------1-----41----3101---0101102000010110??1?121?011-00?011-0-0??1?00000000(0 1)100?1?110?001?2101001??????0?011?22??01-100101000-?-01100-0-1?2?1-0(0 1)?13???(0 1)01?1?1110????1????2???1?????1210?00????2??????1?10010?20???????????01??0??????????????(0 1)00?1000-?10-?01000112111010?0?????100001?2000?122??(0 1)11011001?1?111000?0??1101?(0 1)000-011101110??????1010?11?0-010??0010110??0111???1110011100110111??0??0?100?100--1000120???20?1001010110?01011?01?000?0?? Macropus 001-111-----00----00-------00--0-03-0-1-----0010011002-112100-100000111000000200010000000000?0000-?0-0110001---000000001000000-0000-1-0001---0---0000010-010-1-000000021100011--011-001---0-0-12-1-000000020000000101--000001-1-----0000101100000000110000101----1--------00000020000010000--1--------1-----2100--3101---0100100000010110??1?121?011-0?1011-0-???1?001010010100?1?010?011?(0 2)11(0 1 2)000??????0?111?20??11-100101001200110001011?2?1-(0 1)0(0 1)02???111?1?1111????1????1???1?????1010?00????2??????0?00000?10???????????1-??0??????????????100?2000-?010?00001102111010?1?????0-10???3000?212??010011001?1?111000?1??1101?0-00-001111111??????1011?11?0-110??000-102??1111???0001111101111110??1??0?????211021101121102211120011000-?01(0 1)2-?-1?01-?2?? ; END; BEGIN ASSUMPTIONS; OPTIONS DEFTYPE = UNORD POLYTCOUNT = MINSTEPS; TYPESET * UNTITLED = unord: 1 - 727; END; BEGIN MESQUITECHARMODELS; ProbModelSet * UNTITLED = 'Mk1 (est.)': 1 - 727; END; BEGIN NOTES; TEXT TAXON = 49 CHARACTER = 159 TEXT = 0; TEXT TAXON = 26 CHARACTER = 188 TEXT = '--'; TEXT TAXON = 102 CHARACTER = 199 TEXT = '1 '; TEXT TAXON = 97 CHARACTER = 237 TEXT = '-'; TEXT TAXON = 25 CHARACTER = 323 TEXT = 0&1; END; Begin MESQUITE; MESQUITESCRIPTVERSION 2; TITLE AUTO; tell ProjectCoordinator; timeSaved 1737400391932; getEmployee #mesquite.minimal.ManageTaxa.ManageTaxa; tell It; setID 0 7683788360443819520; tell It; setDefaultOrder 0 3 12 4 7 6 5 10 15 18 19 20 21 169 24 88 89 91 29 30 36 75 66 69 68 70 71 72 73 74 85 83 86 48 49 202 249 227 274 51 162 358 309 53 52 55 174 270 225 200 56 163 283 187 305 60 59 282 63 64 192 65 110 61 458 185 186 184 253 234 290 57 58 130 142 143 352 134 132 136 145 147 148 149 150 423 480 424 433 209 214 470 474 437 442 443 444 446 194 223 210 193 211 448 449 450 195 451 452; attachments ; endTell; endTell; getEmployee #mesquite.charMatrices.ManageCharacters.ManageCharacters; tell It; setID 0 2808866944781597930; tell It; setDefaultOrder 3630 3631 701 484 523 652 3045 635 2901 512 2394 2786 2119 22 2731 17 513 633 2865 20 3020 23 723 2877 2396 2791 27 2356 33 2399 694 66 34 35 45 2556 567 2561 2823 697 566 2528 695 490 49 2414 52 2780 3636 55 2751 2861 616 2393 64 715 636 67 72 73 562 74 722 190 3692 615 2374 80 708 709 2879 2416 578 82 2395 2911 2415 79 2380 594 654 92 653 94 2787 714 505 2383 2407 608 731 585 617 2335 582 3698 706 705 577 2405 720 597 613 614 120 573 646 2373 2410 637 2226 643 2336 520 642 631 2105 655 2401 592 607 618 656 2342 2249 703 704 639 626 619 2404 2411 657 596 2402 593 2406 2397 3673 515 658 2096 500 147 696 621 343 137 2908 2560 638 620 659 538 3594 201 138 2784 630 3591 2909 133 629 135 627 640 565 540 541 536 641 2361 2871 660 2413 148 2391 2553 491 2566 139 141 142 2412 143 2516 2789 661 2910 625 710 521 492 628 179 563 2364 647 2481 2408 574 2568 159 721 2341 649 528 581 580 632 529 583 564 341 2565 587 648 2340 3672 2798 2378 178 2385 718 604 532 719 2392 2386 707 2101 611 598 645 644 530 662 600 601 602 605 603 531 2371 586 2372 609 610 576 183 3642 196 2740 2737 2370 177 2363 526 717 584 2792 498 589 549 186 2366 599 548 2409 634 553 591 2831 595 189 2403 3678 2739 612 650 590 3635 558 2589 726 575 195 724 2367 2779 2368 194 551 552 2400 3643 725 651 693 2091 3440 3442 622 3443 624 623 342 496 2802 711 712 713 3444 198 202 698 2889 207 579 3450 204 702 2736 2777 2778 700 209 208 3497 340 227 228 234 236 3563 3449 231 232 229 663 235 210 3504 316 225 237 240 348 3507 470 3508 3509 322 350 3511 2895 2896 245 3512 243 472 246 247 248 494 2517 353 699 471 242 3515 354 250 355 3076 3019 3452 3523 537 664 356 252 3518 256 253 3519 255 258 665 474 363 261 262 264 263 2894 287 268 318 2850 2773 3479 666 267 312 307 319 667 281 285 2775 320 2793 377 668 379 3481 310 321 669 290 480 3486 296 3487 2734 380 2770 670 283 3490 2904 3493 3492 270 476 266 554 671 367 542 543 299 300 544 305 306 3495 555 308 309 313 288 375 475 477 478 274 672 275 276 277 3524 365 3526 676 278 539 279 2897 2893 479 286 292 675 294 482 298 301 588 674 302 673 3067 311 2900 314 315 2903 3447 3448 3461 3539 3476 3478 382 3505 3522 3525 3528 3530 3532 3535 3542 3543 3546 677 3549 3550 3552 347 678 357 358 359 360 361 364 366 370 371 372 373 374 381 324 325 326 384 327 328 403 679 330 3565 385 680 332 386 405 406 407 337 338 3329 408 3332 409 410 411 3337 424 425 3568 3340 387 3569 3570 3571 3572 681 3341 413 414 416 417 3573 3347 3348 418 419 388 3351 3352 3353 3574 3575 3354 682 3355 420 3357 683 3358 3359 3360 3578 3361 3579 3123 3363 3364 3365 3100 3367 3585 3368 3587 3588 421 422 3371 3372 3589 686 426 3374 687 3375 423 427 3378 437 438 685 3382 428 429 3590 3597 3598 3599 684 3600 430 3386 3387 434 3601 3389 3390 3602 688 211 3131 3132 3133 3603 3604 3394 431 690 432 433 3398 3399 3605 3606 3401 689 3400 3134 390 391 3607 392 3404 445 3406 3407 3408 446 3410 3411 447 3413 3414 448 449 450 451 3608 3609 3419 393 394 3614 3616 3624 3625 3691 397 452 3610 453 3612 454 224 3618 3619 455 456 217 3089 691 219 221 214 223 3620 457 458 3422 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 399 3430 466 3432 3433 467 398 468 469 400 2588 692 3438 401 3439 402 3706; attachments ; endTell; mqVersion 320; checksumv 0 3 2237955008 null getNumChars 727 numChars 727 getNumTaxa 109 numTaxa 109 short true bits 63 states 63 sumSquaresStatesOnly 111070.0 sumSquares 111070.0 longCompressibleToShort false usingShortMatrix true NumFiles 1 NumMatrices 1; mqVersion; endTell; getWindow; tell It; suppress; setResourcesState false false 100; setPopoutState 300; setExplanationSize 0; setAnnotationSize 0; setFontIncAnnot 0; setFontIncExp 0; setSize 1366 649; setLocation -8 0; setFont SanSerif; setFontSize 10; getToolPalette; tell It; endTell; desuppress; endTell; getEmployee #mesquite.minimal.ManageTaxa.ManageTaxa; tell It; showTaxa #7683788360443819520 #mesquite.lists.TaxonList.TaxonList; tell It; setTaxa #7683788360443819520; getWindow; tell It; newAssistant #mesquite.lists.TaxonListCurrPartition.TaxonListCurrPartition; setExplanationSize 30; setAnnotationSize 20; setFontIncAnnot 0; setFontIncExp 0; setSize 1266 577; setLocation -8 0; setFont SanSerif; setFontSize 10; getToolPalette; tell It; setTool mesquite.lists.TaxonList.TaxonListWindow.arrow; endTell; endTell; showWindow; getEmployee #mesquite.lists.ColorTaxon.ColorTaxon; tell It; setColor Red; removeColor off; endTell; getEmployee #mesquite.lists.TaxonListAnnotPanel.TaxonListAnnotPanel; tell It; togglePanel off; endTell; endTell; endTell; getEmployee #mesquite.charMatrices.BasicDataWindowCoord.BasicDataWindowCoord; tell It; showDataWindow #2808866944781597930 #mesquite.charMatrices.BasicDataWindowMaker.BasicDataWindowMaker; tell It; getWindow; tell It; getTable; tell It; rowNamesWidth 189; endTell; setExplanationSize 30; setAnnotationSize 20; setFontIncAnnot 0; setFontIncExp 0; setSize 1266 577; setLocation -8 0; setFont SanSerif; setFontSize 10; getToolPalette; tell It; setTool mesquite.charMatrices.BasicDataWindowMaker.BasicDataWindow.ibeam; endTell; setActive; setTool mesquite.charMatrices.BasicDataWindowMaker.BasicDataWindow.ibeam; colorCells #mesquite.charMatrices.ColorByState.ColorByState; tell It; setStateLimit 9; toggleUniformMaximum on; endTell; colorRowNames #mesquite.charMatrices.TaxonGroupColor.TaxonGroupColor; colorColumnNames #mesquite.charMatrices.CharGroupColor.CharGroupColor; colorText #mesquite.charMatrices.NoColor.NoColor; setBackground White; toggleShowNames on; toggleShowTaxonNames on; toggleTight off; toggleThinRows off; toggleShowChanges on; toggleSeparateLines off; toggleShowStates on; toggleAutoWCharNames on; toggleAutoTaxonNames off; toggleShowDefaultCharNames off; toggleConstrainCW on; toggleBirdsEye off; toggleShowPaleGrid off; toggleShowPaleCellColors off; toggleShowPaleExcluded off; togglePaleInapplicable on; toggleShowBoldCellText off; toggleAllowAutosize on; toggleColorsPanel off; toggleDiagonal on; setDiagonalHeight 80; toggleLinkedScrolling on; toggleScrollLinkedTables off; endTell; showWindow; getWindow; tell It; forceAutosize; endTell; getEmployee #mesquite.charMatrices.AlterData.AlterData; tell It; toggleBySubmenus off; endTell; getEmployee #mesquite.charMatrices.ColorCells.ColorCells; tell It; setColor Red; removeColor off; endTell; getEmployee #mesquite.categ.StateNamesEditor.StateNamesEditor; tell It; makeWindow; tell It; getTable; tell It; rowNamesWidth 563; endTell; setExplanationSize 30; setAnnotationSize 20; setFontIncAnnot 0; setFontIncExp 0; setSize 1266 577; setLocation -8 0; setFont SanSerif; setFontSize 10; getToolPalette; tell It; setTool mesquite.categ.StateNamesEditor.StateNamesWindow.ibeam; endTell; rowsAreCharacters on; toggleConstrainChar on; toggleConstrainCharNum 3; togglePanel off; toggleSummaryPanel off; endTell; showWindow; endTell; getEmployee #mesquite.categ.StateNamesStrip.StateNamesStrip; tell It; showStrip off; endTell; getEmployee #mesquite.charMatrices.AnnotPanel.AnnotPanel; tell It; togglePanel off; endTell; getEmployee #mesquite.charMatrices.CharReferenceStrip.CharReferenceStrip; tell It; showStrip off; endTell; getEmployee #mesquite.charMatrices.QuickKeySelector.QuickKeySelector; tell It; autotabOff; endTell; getEmployee #mesquite.charMatrices.SelSummaryStrip.SelSummaryStrip; tell It; showStrip off; endTell; getEmployee #mesquite.categ.SmallStateNamesEditor.SmallStateNamesEditor; tell It; panelOpen true; endTell; endTell; endTell; getEmployee #mesquite.charMatrices.ManageCharacters.ManageCharacters; tell It; showCharacters #2808866944781597930 #mesquite.lists.CharacterList.CharacterList; tell It; setData 0; getWindow; tell It; newAssistant #mesquite.lists.DefaultCharOrder.DefaultCharOrder; newAssistant #mesquite.lists.CharListInclusion.CharListInclusion; newAssistant #mesquite.lists.CharListPartition.CharListPartition; newAssistant #mesquite.parsimony.CharListParsModels.CharListParsModels; setExplanationSize 30; setAnnotationSize 20; setFontIncAnnot 0; setFontIncExp 0; setSize 1266 577; setLocation -8 0; setFont SanSerif; setFontSize 10; getToolPalette; tell It; endTell; endTell; showWindow; getEmployee #mesquite.lists.CharListAnnotPanel.CharListAnnotPanel; tell It; togglePanel off; endTell; endTell; endTell; endTell; end;